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What Is Self-Concept?

Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology.

self concept analysis essay examples

Rachel Goldman, PhD FTOS, is a licensed psychologist, clinical assistant professor, speaker, wellness expert specializing in eating behaviors, stress management, and health behavior change.

self concept analysis essay examples

Verywell / Cindy Chung

Frequently Asked Questions

Self-concept is the image we have of ourselves. It is influenced by many forces, including our interaction with important people in our lives. It is how we perceive our behaviors, abilities, and unique characteristics. For example, beliefs such as "I am a good friend" or "I am a kind person" are part of an overall self-concept.

Other examples of self-concept include:

Our self-perception is important because it affects our motivations , attitudes, and behaviors . It also affects how we feel about the person we think we are, including whether we are competent or have self-worth.

Self-concept tends to be more malleable when we're younger and still going through self-discovery and identity formation . As we age and learn who we are and what's important to us, these self-perceptions become much more detailed and organized.

At its most basic, self-concept is a collection of beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others. It embodies the answer to the question: " Who am I? " If you want to find your self-concept, list things that describe you as an individual. What are your traits? What do you like? How do you feel about yourself?

Rogers' Three Parts of Self-Concept

Humanist psychologist Carl Rogers believed that self-concept is made up of three different parts:

Incongruence and Congruence

Self-concept is not always aligned with reality. When it is aligned, your self-concept is said to be congruent . If there is a mismatch between how you see yourself (your self-image) and who you wish you were (your ideal self), your self-concept is incongruent . This incongruence can negatively affect self-esteem .

Rogers believed that incongruence has its earliest roots in childhood. When parents place conditions on their affection for their children (only expressing love if children "earn it" through certain behaviors and living up to the parents' expectations), children begin to distort the memories of experiences that leave them feeling unworthy of their parents' love.

Unconditional love, on the other hand, helps to foster congruence. Children who experience such love—also referred to as family love —feel no need to continually distort their memories in order to believe that other people will love and accept them as they are.

How Self-Concept Develops

Self-concept develops, in part, through our interaction with others. In addition to family members and close friends, other people in our lives can contribute to our self-identity.

For instance, one study found that the more a teacher believes in a high-performing student's abilities, the higher that student's self-concept. (Interestingly, no such association was found with lower-performing students.)

Self-concept can also be developed through the stories we hear. As an example, one study found that female readers who were "deeply transported" into a story about a leading character with a traditional gender role had a more feminist self-concept than those who weren't as moved by the story.

The media plays a role in self-concept development as well—both mass media and social media . When these media promote certain ideals, we're more likely to make those ideals our own. And the more often these ideals are presented, the more they affect our self-identity and self-perception.

Can Self-Concept Be Changed?

Self-concept is not static, meaning that it can change. Our environment plays a role in this process. Places that hold a lot of meaning to us actively contribute to our future self-concept through both the way we relate these environments to ourselves and how society relates to them.

Self-concept can also change based on the people with whom we interact. This is particularly true with regard to individuals in our lives who are in leadership roles. They can impact the collective self (the self in social groups) and the relational self (the self in relationships).

In some cases, a medical diagnosis can change self-concept by helping people understand why they feel the way they do—such as someone receiving an autism diagnosis later in life, finally providing clarity as to why they feel different.

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Other Self-Concept Theories

As with many topics within psychology , a number of other theorists have proposed different ways of thinking about self-concept.

Social Identity

Social psychologist Henri Tajfel developed social identity theory, which states that self-concept is composed of two key parts:

This theory states that our social identity influences our self-concept, thus affecting our emotions and behaviors. If we're playing sports, for instance, and our team loses a game, we might feel sad for the team (emotion) or act out against the winning team (behavior).

Multiple Dimensions

Psychologist Bruce A. Bracken had a slightly different theory and believed that self-concept was multidimensional, consisting of six independent traits:

In 1992, Bracken developed the Multidimensional Self-Concept Scale, a comprehensive assessment that evaluates each of these six elements of self-concept in children and adolescents.

Self-concept development is never finished. Though one's self-identity is thought to be primarily formed in childhood, your experiences as an adult can also change how you feel about yourself. If your self-esteem increases later in life, for instance, it can improve your self-concept.

Our self-concept can affect the method by which we communicate. If you feel you are a good writer, for instance, you may prefer to communicate in writing versus speaking with others.

It can also affect the way we communicate. If your social group communicates a certain way, you would likely choose to communicate that way as well. Studies on teens have connected high self-concept clarity with more open communication with parents.

Self-concept refers to a broad description of ourselves ("I am a good writer") while self-esteem includes any judgments or opinions we have of ourselves ("I feel proud to be a good writer"). Put another way, self-concept answers the question: Who am I? Self-esteem answers the question: How do I feel about who I am?

Our self-concept impacts how we respond to life, so a well-developed self-concept helps us respond in ways that are more positive and beneficial for us. One of the ways it does this is by enabling us to recognize our worth. A well-developed self-concept also helps keep us from internalizing negative feedback from others.

Different cultures have different beliefs. They have different ideas of how dependent or independent one should be, different religious beliefs, and differing views of socioeconomic development.

All of these cultural norms influence self-concept by providing the structure of what is expected within that society and how one sees oneself in relation to others.

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Pesu L, Viljaranta J, Aunola K. The role of parents' and teachers' beliefs in children's self-concept development . J App Develop Psychol . 2016;44:63-71. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2016.03.001

Richter T, Appel M, Calio F. Stories can influence the self-concept . Social Influence . 2014;9(3):172-88. doi:10.1080/15534510.2013.799099

Vandenbosch L, Eggermont S. The interrelated roles of mass media and social media in adolescents' development of an objectified self-concept: A longitudinal study . Communc Res . 2015. doi:10.1177/0093650215600488

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Kark R, Shamir B. The dual effect of transformational leadership: priming relational and collective selves and further effects on followers . In: Avolio BJ, Yammarino FJ, eds. Monographs in Leadership and Management . Vol 5. Emerald Group Publishing Limited; 2013:77-101. doi:10.1108/S1479-357120130000005010

Stagg SD, Belcher H. Living with autism without knowing: receiving a diagnosis in later life . Health Psychol Behav Med . 2019;7(1):348-361. doi:10.1080/21642850.2019.1684920

Tajfel H, Turner J. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict . In: Hogg MA, Abrams D, eds. Intergroup Relations: Essential Readings. Psychology Press:94–109.

Scheepers D. Social identity theory . Social Psychol Act . 2019. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13788-5_9

Bracken BA. Multidimensional Self Concept Scale . American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/t01247-000

Sampthirao P. Self-concept and interpersonal communication . Int J Indian Psychol . 2016;3(3):6. dip:18.01.115/20160303

Van Dijk M, Branje S, Keijsers L, Hawk S, Hale !, Meeus W. Self-concept clarity across adolescence: Longitudinal associations with open communication with parents and internalizing symptoms . J Youth Adolesc . 2013;43:1861-76. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0055-x

Vignoles V, Owe E, Becker M, et al. Beyond the 'east-west' dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood . J Exp Psychol Gen . 2016;145(8):966-1000. doi:10.1037/xge0000175

Weiten W, Dunn DS, Hammer EY. Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century . Cengage Learning.

By Kendra Cherry Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology.

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My Self Concept Essay Examples

Explain two links between an individual's identity, self-esteem and self esteem.

There are a few links between an individual’s identity, self-esteem and self-image. An individual’s identity is them, their age, their name, ethnicity and background, their family, also their language and education. Their self-esteem means how much they actually value themselves and lastly their self-image is how they view themselves or see themselves. If they have no identity, for example if they are afraid of how others might see them this links to a low self-esteem which can lead to social isolation and/or they might suffer from depression, then their self-image may then suffer such as they forget to look after their personal appearance, hygiene and how they used to dress. On the other hand if they are happy and confidence with their identity then the individual is most likely to look after themselves and their personal image more such as the way they look, dress, eat healthily and exercise etc. and this will increase their self-esteem so they are more likely to be

Synthesis Essay On Identity

In Mcleod’s article, it said that people “‘think about, evaluate, or perceive’ themselves” (Mcleod 1). Mcleod talks, in the article, about how people thinking, evaluating, and perceiving about themselves is call self-concept. Whenever people think about themselves, most of the time, people are confused about whether or not they are pursuing right actions for their future, especially people with low self-esteem . Furthermore, people get more confused if their actions dramatically differ from others. However, again, people’s actions determine who they are, so even if their actions are dramatically different from others, it may be a path for that person’s success. Following others do not mean people will be as successful as them.

Color Guard Speeches

As a proud member of the Mercedes Tiger Band color guard and drill team, a lifetime goal for me would be to join a marching band and/or college dance team. Coming into high school I never thought my passion would be to be performing in front of hundreds of people every Friday Night for four years. It has become my passion and it brings me much joy to perform and have the time of my life on that football field.

Ap Psychology Chapter 1 Essay

Getting familiar with some of the concepts in chapter ten was new for me. I didn 't really know any of the information in chapter ten at all. I learned a lot in the chapter about a wide range of topics. What I learned will better help me understand people on a daily basis.

Interpersonal Communication Chapter Summary

For example, if someone emplaces the idea that one is overweight in one’s head, one is going to possibly take that into account when looking in the mirror. Self-concept is also said to contribute to how we may behave in the future by setting up goals that reflect our opinions of ourselves. In some instances, individuals may believe that they will be a successful doctor and, because of that self-concept, it becomes reality. This is known as self-fulfilling prophecies. Self-esteem is the worth of what one takes from one’s self-awareness and self-concept. This is where the question of “Do I like who I am?” comes into play. Self-esteem, more so than the other major components of self, weighs heavily on how one interacts with others. For instance, if an individual is insecure about their uneven teeth because they are viewed as an imperfection, one may be less likely to willingly interact with others in fear of judgment. This lessens the amount of friendships made and overall lessens one’s confidence. On the other hand, if one is secure of who they are, it is evident in the way one communicates and their good feelings associated with life in

Research Paper On Self-Esteem

Every child a right to a legal identity, as activated and safeguarded from birth by registration. From birth every child begins their journey of constructing their unique personal and social identity which is characterized by a growing awareness of the importance of markers such as gender, ethnicity, age and their status within the child 's family and the community. Before they even begin school many children demonstrate understanding of their role and status at home, preschool, their neighbourhood and the impact of how they are treated on the sense of who they are. Early identities are complex and continue to change and grow as children as children experience new settings, activities, relationships and new responsibilities.

Examples Of Personal Philosophy Essay

I will be more confident in myself. I will work hard in everything that I do. I will expose myself to new things and will be open to new experiences. I will appreciate all my opportunities in life.

What Is Walter White Interpersonal Communication

An individuals identity is directly related to their self concept, depending on a subjective self based impression of the self. Two facets of self concepts include personality and culture/gender roles. Personality is a characteristic that can accurately describe ones behavior most of the time. Culture/gender roles influence how one acts based on social pressure and norms. This means that self concept is both enduring but changeable. The Johari Window is used as a visual representation to describe that there are four sections of awareness of self concepts; what is known to ones self and what is known to others, what is known to the self but not known by anyone else, what is known to others and not ones self, and what is not known about ones self and not know by others. Reflected appraisal is when we are admired for something. That admiration influences one to continue doing what they received appraisal for. Social comparison is always being used to evaluate self concept, for example someone will compare themselves to those they would like to be similar too, these groups of people are called reference groups. Some people have natural tendencies to participate in high or low self monitoring. Self fulfilling prophecies also reinforce self concept. If one has a goal in which he or she successfully accomplishes, then that accomplishment will reinforce your thoughts about who one thought they were or

Cultural Self Reflection Report

The way our societies view other cultures and spread the perceptions regarding them is an unfair practice. It causes discrimination and judgment to foster in the mind of the coming generations and they in turn spread these views even more and thus strengthen those perceptions. While I viewed culture as a part of one’s identity or genetics, I feel like I was rather apathetic to reality.

Imogene King: Theory Of Goal Attainment

“An individual perception of self, of body image, of time, of space influences the way he or she responds to object and events in his/her life. As individuals grow and develop through the lifespan, experiences with changes in structure and function, of their bodies over time influence their perceptions of self” (King, 1981, p. 19). These concepts give us the basis for understanding how individuals are personal systems. Perception, is “A process of organizing, interpreting, and transforming information from sense data and memory” (King, 1981, p. 24). Self, is a dynamic, open system, based on ones actions. King (1981) explains self as Jersild’s (1952) definition that “knowledge of self is a key to understanding human behavior because self is the way I define me to myself and to others. Self is all that I am. I am a whole person. Self is what I think of me and what I am capable of being and doing. Self is subjective in that it is what I think I should be or would like to be” (p. 26). Growth and development is “The processes that take place in an individual’s life that help the individual move from potential capacity for achievement to self-actualization” (King, 1981, p. 31). Body Image is “An individual’s perception of his/her own body, others’ reactions to his/her appearance which results

Essay About Self Expression

Self expression is a term many people use. The meaning of it is how you show your true self around people expressing thoughts, feelings, and ideas. Many of it can be seen through art, writing, music, and dance. People show themselves with many different expressions. It can be any type of art and even writing. Some people have art when it come to make up they might be really good at making other people look better than they already do or even by how they write. For example some people will right all these happy books with happy endings and some people write sad books with sad endings. Everyone is different. Other expressions can be how they dress, act, and even by their voice. Personally i show my best self in many ways but one of them is how i dress. I

Essay On Self Improvement

Most people want to improve themselves in some way, whether it is to lose weight or give up smoking or increase their confidence. Self-improvement is something that we carry out over a life time, but it is a task that can require a lot of motivation. Keeping your motivation levels up and steady can be a job in itself. In order to achieve the motivation required for self-improvement, we need to look at the three keys that will help us succeed in our goals.

Reflective Essay About Myself

I have always hated writing about myself, and I always dreaded assignments in school where I had to describe myself. I always wanted to avoid doing these assignments because I did not want to sound narcissistic, or self-absorbed. I dislike people like that now, because I used to be one of those people. It took many lessons learned before I humbled myself; I am still learning to humble myself today with recent experiences I have had. Although I hate to write about myself, I have always liked to reflect on myself. I spend a significant amount of time just thinking about myself as I go throughout my day. I constantly question myself: why am I the way that I am, what could I have done better here, what is my place in the world, etc. In the context of this paper, I have come to a conclusion. In the past, I was a leader. Now, I realized I have failed. Despite what my MBTI test may say, I am a leader no more.

Essay About Self Awareness

Being self-aware simply means that you have a keen understanding of your own personality. That includes your positive and negative traits, your thoughts and beliefs, your feelings, and your inspiration.

My Ideal Self Essay

In the shorter term (3 years), I want to graduate from HELP University’s Degree of Psychology in first-class honours. I understand claims stating such academic achievement is merely a graduation certificate, without guarantee of work opportunities. However, my aim is not motivated towards work opportunities or anything materialistic; I just want to appreciate and value every learning opportunity. Besides viewing this process as a foundation for future knowledge and abilities, I have been anticipating this stage of gaining deeper and professional knowledge in psychology for a long time. To summarize, this goal is elicited from my passion and enthusiasm for psychology, to remain focused throughout these three years, instead of gaining fame or impress others.

More about My Self Concept Essay Examples

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Example Of Essay On Self Concept

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Sociology , Business , Development , Family , Students , Parents , Reflection , Success

Published: 01/04/2020

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Self concept is the way we perceive ourselves and to some extent it may refer to our thoughts. Therefore, as noted by Judge et al (2008), self concept can be viewed as an aspect that determines what we think about as well as how we think about ourselves. Hence self concept enables us to be aware evaluate ourselves well. Some scholars have researched and considered a deeper understanding of one’s self and they have concluded that self concept is what makes an individual belief and provides to a person the important attributes in life (Teaser et al, 2008). I have managed to develop my self esteem through social comparison process. By comparing my abilities, attitudes and beliefs with others I have been able to know when and how I should approve as well as value myself. Through the social comparison process I have also realized that my high self esteem didn’t just happen but it developed through a process. I focused on upward social comparison and every time I would compare myself with those whom I thought was better than me. In these occasions I aspired to be like them and I was able to develop my bench marks based on these people success. The favorite people whom I kept comparing myself with included the successful politicians and business persons. I always looked at the positive attributes which contributed to their success and through this I was able to set my standards. For instance, my confidence developed due to the success of my dad in business. I compared my class performance to dads business, but I realized that my dad was very successful in business unlike me who failed in class and couldn’t even measure up in group discussions. When I realized that my confidence and my abilities couldn’t measure with my dad’s talents I was driven to push myself to the wall, to achieve more and improve on my self confidence and abilities. Indeed this is what has propelled me to my current self acceptance. Thus, I am a person with very high self esteem and am always optimistic of my success and achievements in my endeavors. I hardly, worry and hardly do I care of what others think about me. My dad believed in success in business regardless of the inflation in the country, and as a person I developed perseverance effect and now I only believe on good things about myself, albeit self esteem do fluctuate (Teaser et al, 2008).

Through reflected appraisal process I have been able to build in strong statuses and roles. It has enabled me to see myself in the way that others would want to see me. And by putting myself in this position I have been able to be a good brother to my siblings. They have wanted to see this good brother who is caring and always there for them. This is a role that I have played very well because am usually there for my younger siblings and I always do what they expect me to do as their brother. Thus, by reflected appraisal, I have been able to meet my role of a cousin and a student as well. Have also played a role of a good child knowing what I should do as the first born. Above all, reflected appraisal has been important to me since childhood because it enabled me to categorize myself according to my gender group and perform the gender roles that are outlined in the societal structures for a boy. Now as a mature male, I still look towards meeting my roles as a male, by being there to support on all physical work that my mom can’t do. In school, I have earned the status of being an excellent student by excelling in the academic works. Also, because I am gifted in athletes, I have managed to take the status by joining athlete sessions after school. Indeed, knowing that others expect me to keep excelling because I am good in academics and athletes I have enrolled for extra lessons which have enabled me to improve on my performance (Judge et al, 2008).

Tesser, A., Millar, M. and Moore, J. (2008). Some affective consequences of social comparison and reflection processes: The pain and pleasure of being close. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 49-61. Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C., & Kluger, A. N. (2008). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), 17-34.

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Self-Concept Analysis essay

In actuality, my self-concept analysis reveals a number of important facts about my personal development and traits of my character. The analysis of self-concept helps to reveal my personal strengths and weaknesses. In this regard, I would point out that my major personal traits of character affect consistently my behavior and I believe that personal traits of character are crucial for the adequate personal analysis. In fact, the self-concept analysis I conducted has revealed the fact that I am very concerned with my internal world and reasoning that affect my behavior, social relations and communication skills, but still I can keep progressing because, if I am capable to self-concept analysis, then I can identify my weaknesses and eliminate them, but some characteristics are very surprising for me.

In fact, I would like to dwell upon the traits of characters that surprised me the most, which I have identified in the course of self-concept analysis. In this regard, I would rank the following traits of character as the most surprising for me: I am adaptable, giving, observant, calm, logical, and shy. In fact, my adaptability was quite surprising for me because I always believed that I am capable to independent decision-making, regardless of the impact of my social environment, peers, authorities and other people. In fact, I tried to choose my way but, as it turned out, I often make choices being under the impact of my environment. In fact, I adapt to my environment unconsciously. I just take it for granted and when I follow the lead of my social environment, for instance, I believe this is my choice.

Furthermore, I am giving that is actually a characteristic of mine because I was always inclined to sharing what I have with my siblings and my friends. However, I have not believed that I am really giving. I just believed that, if I share something with my friends, it is just normal and everyone does this way. At the same time, I am quite observant that is very important for me and I believe that this quality can be very helpful in my professional career. However, I have never thought of my observation skills and how well they are developed.

In addition, I am calm and this characteristic is quite natural for me because I know that it is difficult to make me nervous but sometimes I still have difficulties with coping with my temper. In fact, when I lose my temper, I am out of control but I lose my temper very seldom. Probably, I am clam because I am logical that is another surprising characteristic of mine. Frankly speaking, I have never tried to be logical but probably this is the result of the regular practice. Logic helps to tackle my problems and find plausible solutions in difficult situations.

Finally, I found out that I am shy that was quite surprising for me because I have never had serious difficulties with communicating with different people. However, I should recognize that some issues make me embarrassed and I try to avoid them, while communicating with people, especially, if we are not well-acquainted. Therefore, my shyness is surprising for me but still this is the characteristic of mine.

At the same time, in the course of my self-concept analysis, I have revealed the fact that my reflective appraisal helped me to identify key characteristics of mine and explain them for myself. In fact, I was really surprised with many characteristics I have revealed in myself. However, I have managed to explain virtually all of them. Now I can explain my adaptability, giving, calmness and other issues, which I have identified in the course of my self-concept analysis. In this regard, I can do my best to provide a clear characteristic of mine. At any rate, my self-concept analysis and reflective appraisal help me to identify my strengths and weaknesses. For instance, I believe I have to tackle my shyness because it can prevent me from effective communication with other people. In some situations, I should be bolder to stand on my ground and to avoid adaptability. My reflective appraisal emerged due to my logic, probably.

I identify my calmness through my self-comparison to other people, whom I know. In fact, I found them much more nervous and tempered than I am. Instead, I am calm and can keep the situation under control. In such a way, the comparison of myself with other people helped me to reveal my calmness.

At the same time, I have made some insights, such as the discovery of my shyness and adaptability. In such a way, my self-concept analysis helped me to reveal new things about me and my traits of character.

Thus, the self-concept analysis is very helpful for understanding of myself. At any rate, I have managed to reveal many traits of my character through detailed analysis of my traits of character, behavior and comparison with other people.

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Introduction

A person’s self-concept is continually developing during each life stage. Self-concept is an idea of who you are, and how you see yourself. Self-concept is created by two main concepts, self-image and self-esteem. How you see yourself, your personality and how others see you are all part of a person’s self-concept. The more positive a person views themselves, the greater the chance of that individual reaching their full potential and being able to maintain a positive attitude. Self-concept is based on three things.

Which are: Self-image

Definition of self image:- The way a person feels about his or her personality, achievements and value to society. (Cambridge dictionaries online) Another definition of self image is:- The idea, conception, or mental image one has of oneself. (positive self image and self esteem) This is an idea of who you are, and comes into 4 elements which are, the type of things that you use to describe yourself to another individual.

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Your social role e.g. I work as a teacher

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Your personality e.g. I am very friendly Your physical self-e.g. I am small and slim Your intellectual abilities e.g. I am very good at English Ideal-self

Definition of ideal self:

– The Ideal Self is an idealized version of yourself created out of what you have learned from your life experiences, the demands of society, and what you admire in your role models. (Psychology Glossary). Another definition is:- Your representation of the attributes that someone (yourself or another) would like you, ideally, to possess.

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This is who you would like to be and see yourself as. It can be influences by many different things, such as role models or the media. If your self-image and ideal-self are similar then you are probably going to feel good about yourself, but if they are not similar then you are most likely to feel like you have low self-esteem.

Self -esteem

Definition of self esteem:- Confidence in one’s own worth or abilities; self-respect. (Oxford dictionaries). Another definition is:- The term self-esteem is used to describe a person’s overall sense of self-worth or personal value. (Psychology) Self-esteem is how we value ourselves, how valuable we think we are to others. Self-esteem affects our trust in others, our relationships, and our work – nearly every part of our lives. Positive self-esteem gives us the strength and flexibility to take charge of our lives and grow from our mistakes without the fear of rejection.

There are positive and negative self-concepts, which both will affect the development, and outcome of self-concept. It could affect the way the individual behaves, and interacts with other individual’s.

Self-image comes into four different elements these are: Your social role e.g. I work as a teacher Your personality e.g. I am very friendly Your physical self-e.g. I am small and slim Your intellectual abilities e.g. I am very good at English Where we gather our thoughts of self-image come from various places, but there a three which are the most important, which are: Reactions of others When you think about your idea of who you are, it mostly comes from how you think other people view you. When you communicate with others, you construct an idea of the type of individual you are, established on individual’s gestures, words, actions and facial expressions. Social comparison

Comparing yourself to others, so that you can construct a picture of who you are. For example, when you go out to the beach with your friends and you compare your figure to their figure in a bathing costume, just to get an idea of who you are. Observing your own behaviour

The skill to do this progresses as you become more mature. Everybody at some point doesn’t like the way they may have acted in a situation, and then think back on it and try to improve and do something different to better themselves. To be self-reflective is a skill and in health and social care it is needed a lot. Self-esteem

Self-esteem is a personal opinion of oneself and is shaped by individuals’ relationships with others, experiences, and accomplishments in life. It will change in different areas of your life, for example you may be good at football and that would boost your self-esteem, but you didn’t make the team captain so this could lower your self-esteem.

There are many factors that can influence an individual’s self-concept, these are some examples: Age – Age can influence your self-concept because as you get older, physical capabilities change, for example your health, fitness, illness or disability. This will influence the development of self-concept because Gender- Gender can influence your self-concept because it can restrict you from doing things, for example football is known as a males sport so a female may feel like they can’t play this sport, this would influence the development of an individual’s self-concept. Culture- Culture can influence your self-concept because you could speak a certain language and that would determine who you speak to or who your friends are, this will influence the development of an individual’s self-concept because what language they speak and who they speak to or who their friends are will give them an idea of who they are.

Income – Income can influence your self-concept, because it can affect different areas of your life such as, geographical location, housing, friendship groups, education. All of these will contribute to a person’s development of self-concept. Education – Intellectual abilities can influence your self-concept for example if the individual is intelligent that will change who they are as they progress into further education and work. Depending on their intellectual abilities, it can be positive or negative outcomes on the development of self-concept. Appearance – Appearance can influence your self-concept because your physical features such as clothes and non-verbal behaviour can influence and develop aspects of your self-concept. A relationship – Positive relationships tend to boosts a person’s self-esteem and self-confidence, and helps to develop social skills. Relationships are an important contribution to an individual’s development of self-concept.

Abuse- Abuse can influence self-concept, but it can depend on how long the abuse has lasted, what life stage you are at when you have been involved in abuse and also it will come down to your personality. Upbringing – Upbringing can influence self-concept because the way your parent brings you up will depend on the person you are, and how you behave. This can be a positive or negative outcome. Geographical location- This can influence your self-concept because depending on your location of where you live can depend on the opportunities available, this can also be a positive or negative outcome

All the factors that influence an individuals self-concept can effect individuals in different ways, it depends on what type of factor it is, how it affects the development of self concept, and weather or not the factor has a positive or negative affect on the individual. M2/D1

Income can influence the development of individual’s self-concept in a negative and positive way because, individuals with good income with be able to live a luxurious life-style, for example they will be able to afford good healthy balance diet, good accommodations, private hospitals, private schools for their children which will give them the advantage to good education and they get the chance to reach their full potential in life. But most importantly, possessions are not the only important thing in life, as long as one is able to maintain basic standard of living is maintained. This would have a positive effect on the individual’s self-concept because they have been able to live a good life and have been given the chance to achieve, having all these opportunities will ensure that the individuals self-esteem is positive because they will have a sense of personal worth, due to the opportunities they have.

Also the individual will have an understanding of which they are, this is self-image they will have an understanding of self-image because they have been able to explore different things through income. Individuals with low income will even find it difficult to maintain the basic needs of life and this will affect their self-esteem especially if they are surrounded by images of people who have a lot of wealth. They will be restricted from a lot of things for example, will not be able to afford nice clothes for them and their children, will not be able to afford good accommodation which could mean poor housing conditions, and not be able to access higher education which means that they do not get a good chance to reach their full potential in life.

This could have a negative effect on the individuals development of self-concept because they would not feel like they have personal worth because they haven’t got the income to achieve things, such as a good education or a well-paid job, by not having the sense of personal worth or achievement means that the individuals self-esteem would be low, because the individual hasn’t been able to achieve things due to income, it could make them feel depressed and also make them feel as if they are not wanted, this would give negative self-concept. They wouldn’t be able to have an idea of, self-image, because they haven’t had the opportunity to experience things. Having a negative self-concept can also change the behaviour of the individual, for example they might feel like they are not good enough so they wouldn’t want to attempt to have a go at something or interact with others.

Age influences self-concept because at different life stages we think of ourselves in different ways, this factor can either be a positive or negative. Two examples are: Adolescence In the life stage of adolescence we get the idea of self-concept from comparison with other individuals, for example peers in a class room. It is likely that you would compare how well you’ve done in a piece of work to other peers. This could affect self-concept because if you are comparing yourself to others and you haven’t done as well as them it could make you your self-esteem low because you wouldn’t have the sense of achievement, which isn’t fulfilling self-esteem as stated on Maslow’s hierarchy “Esteem needs – achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, and respect from others.” (simplypsychology). Self-concept consists of: Self-image

Ideal-self Self-esteem

This would be a negative effect on the individual’s self-concept because they wouldn’t feel good about themselves. And because the individual wouldn’t have reached positive self-esteem, or found out the idea of themselves they wouldn’t be able to understand their own self-concept.

At the life stage of adulthood we find ourselves to be more aware of who we are because of the experiences throughout our lives. We tend to describe ourselves by our job roles and ability to provide for our families, this will give us a sense of self-image because we can describe ourselves through our social role. At this life stage we are usually in intimate relationships, such as a husband or boyfriend, by having this in your life will give you confidence and it can also make you feel valued and give you a sense of belonging, this would contribute to a positive self-esteem, which will also contribute to the idea of who you are (self-concept). This would give the individual a positive self-concept because they have an understanding of who they are, because they have an idea of self-image and also have a positive self-esteem.

An individual’s upbringing can influence the development of their self-concept, both in a negative and positive way. If an individual is brought up in a happy family home, where the parents have good jobs with good income and are supportive of the individual with education, this will give the individual the sense of belonging and also give them a sense of personal worth, because they have the support there for them, this will give them a positive self-esteem which will contribute to help the development of their self-concept. Also by having parents that work and earn a good income the individual will be able to experience things, such as holidays, and different activities. By being able to experience different types of things the individual will be able to have some understanding of who they are, this is called self-image which will also contribute to the development of the individual’s self-concept.

This outcome would be a positive self-concept, because the individual is able to learn about themselves and understand self-concept. Whereas if there is an individual who has been brought up in a family where the parents are not supportive of the individual’s education and not taking interest in the individual and are not employed so there is low income. The individual wouldn’t have a sense of belonging and also the individual wouldn’t feel loved or valued because the parents are not supportive and seems like they do not care. This would mean that the individual’s self-esteem would be considerably low, because of the fact that the parents are not bothered about education and doing well, by not taking interest in the individual can again lower their self-esteem. Evidence given states “Ignoring children and not taking an interest in them, helps destroy self-esteem”. (Parenting and child health).

This also means that the individual’s self-concept would be negative because they don’t have the section of self-esteem. Because of the fact the parents do not work and there is low income means that the individual will miss out on things that other individuals have the chance to do, this could mean that they don’t have an understanding of self-image because they haven’t been able to explore who they are, or what they like to do etc. This could possibly then change the behaviour of the individual, because they may be so used to not being able to do certain things that they would not even bother to try their best to achieve.

Geographical location

Geographical location influence the development of an individual’s self-concept ad it also can have a positive and negative affect on an individual’s self-concept. If an individual lived in an area where there is a chance to succeed for example good schooling and also employment and a good area, where there is no trouble. It would give the individual the chance to be educated well, and then get a good job that is well paid. This would then give the individual a positive self-esteem because they have a sense of achievement and a sense of personal worth and by having a positive self-esteem will contribute to having knowledge of their own self-concept. Because the individual has had the opportunity to achieve well in education, the individual will know what their intellectual abilities are like, and they also would have a social role for example pithier a student or an employer, and this means that the individual has some understanding of self-image which will also contribute to the growth of the individual’s self-concept, because self-image is a section that needs to be understood to be able to understand who you are as an individual. This would have a positive effect on the development of the individual’s self-concept.

On the other hand if an individual lived in a run-down area, the self-concept of the individual would be different to the above example, because they would have experienced different things, for example they would have experienced unemployment, low income, and bad housing conditions. These experiences would lower the individual’s self-esteem, because they wouldn’t feel the sense of achievement, personal worth or the need for the respect. This means that they wouldn’t be able to reach a positive self-concept because they haven’t got the positive self-esteem, which is a section needed to help individuals understand their own idea of who they are. Also another negative affect on self-concept would be that because the individual lives in a run-down area, where there is nothing to help them succeed in life or succeed in something that they are really interested in, they will find it hard to understand the idea of who they are, because they haven’t been able to achieve or haven’t been given the chance to experience different things just because of the location of where they live. So self-image will be affected, which means if the individual has got a negative self-esteem and a poor understanding of self-image they will not be able to reach a positive self-concept of themselves.

Appearance can affect the development of an individual’s self-concept, whether it is in a positive or negative form. If an individual feels comfortable with their appearance, it will ensure that their self-esteem is positive, because they will value themselves and feel sense of personal worth, and also if they feel happy with their appearance it could give them confidence. This would contribute to giving them an understanding of who they are as an individual because they would have reached one section of self-concept, which is “self-esteem”. Also because the individual is happy with what they look like, and feel comfortable, this would help them understand their self-image, which is another section of self-concept. ‘Ideal-self’ is also another section of self-concept, so because the individual is comfortable with how they look they would have also have some understanding of their ideal-self. This would be a positive self-concept because the individual has understanding of the three sections of self-concept. Self-image

Self-esteem Ideal-self

On the other hand, if an individual isn’t comfortable with their appearance, it can make their self-esteem become low, because they wouldn’t have a sense of personal worth because of the fact that they do not like themselves. Evidence states that “Unhealthy body image is directly related to low self-esteem” (raising children network). By having a low self-esteem means that the individual will not be able to have a positive self-concept because self-esteem is one of the sections of self-concept, that gives an individual knowledge about themselves.

Also the individual would have an idea of their ideal-self, this is who they would like to be but because they are not happy with their appearance, and that they are not like their “ideal-self”, this could make them feel like they are not the best they can be or it could make them feel self-conscious, which again will affect their self-esteem. And also affect the behaviour of the individual, for example the individual may not want to go out and have a good time because they feel too uncomfortable with themselves, and this is where we as care workers should carry out positive reinforces to help the individual make some positivity out of their-self-concept and also to show them some support.

It is important that we as care workers understand that self-concept is important so that we can learn and understand our own self-concept to be able to learn to understand other individuals self-concept, if we know who we are then it is easier to understand another person’s self-concept. In health care you will come across individuals that will not be able to understand who they are, because they don’t feel like they are an individual, this is where positive reinforces are used to show them that they have support from you and also to help them regain a positive self-concept, the things you can do to show them you are supporting them is:

listening to the person find out why they have a negative self-concept not to be judgemental value the individual Discover possible ways to overcome the issues that make them feel negative about themselves. All these will contribute to helping the individual and as care workers we should be able to carry out these different types of skills. Self-concept can also affect the behaviour of the individual, for example if they have a negative self-concept they can feel all types of different emotions such as feeling, lost, worthless, insecure, depressed, not accepted. All these emotions can cause problems in the behaviour of the person such as the individual not wanting to participate in different things or communicate with another individual because they feel like they are not wanted or that they are insignificant. Also having all these emotions can cause an individual to become stressed. Evidence states that ”“stress symptoms can affect your body, your thoughts and feelings, and your behaviour.” (stress management).

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Self Concept

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Self Concept Essay

349 words 2 page(s)

Self-concept refers to the idea and narrative one had about oneself. Self-concept determines how does the person perceive oneself, behave, react, and communicate with others. The development of self-concept begins in the early childhood and continues throughout adolescence and early adulthood, going through important changes on every stage. Assessing statements of children and adolescents of different age about themselves, the first thing that catches attention is the how these statements become more complex and start incorporating more aspects of their personality, behavior, achievement, and social relationships with others as important contributors to their self-concept.

The reviewed statements of different-aged young people make it noticeable how does the way the children identify themselves change with age. Namely, younger children are fast to identify themselves primarily with their families, while older children assess themselves mainly through the reference to their social circles of friends and classmates, and teenagers demonstrate the attempts to come up with their own point of reference for defining their personal identity even though this is apparently quite challenging and complicated to do at this point.

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The fact that every account except for the one that belongs to the youngest child (3 years old) in way or another reference their social circles as a ground for assessing themselves, identifies that as children grow older, their peers become a very important factor that influences how they see themselves and what level of self-esteem they have. In other words, being accepted by peers becomes crucial for children’s psychological well-being. Importantly, the accounts that belong to teenage respondents identify an existing tension between trying to conform to what their parents expect of them and what is considered cool and normal among their peers.

This tension becomes a source of inner conflict and emotional difficulties for many young people. Lastly, in the accounts of older participants, it becomes clear that they start to differentiate between their social identity and what they see as their “true selves”. This indicating that they start to think more critically about their identity.

Smith, P.K., & Hart, C.H. (2002). Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development. Blackwell.

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Self Concept Essays (Examples)

1000 results for “Self Concept” .

Self-Concept Is the Mental Image or Idea

Self-concept is the mental image or idea that I have of myself and my strengths, weaknesses and status such as self-image. These are the whole set of opinions, attitudes and cognitions individuals have on themselves. The paper is a response that I will examine the origins of my self-concept. This will be in four parts all of which are all exploring a source of self-concept. There is a lot that I have learned about myself in the past few weeks through this course. I have learned so much about myself particularly my self-concept. I have learned that I am very compassionate. This is because I am a very good listener hence making me compassionate to the pleas and the details that I am keen to get. I always try to help anyone that is in need of my help without asking or expecting anything in return. Even though I do…

Self-Concept the Concept of One's

If he has good self-concept, he will see the feedback as a chance to weigh things, impove self and deepen his self-undestanding. Howeve, if he has othewise, he may not accept the feedback, feel bad about it and possibly even efuse to ecognize the expeience and/o the peson/s involved in it. This denial to addess the event may ultimately cause social and individual stagnation. The inteplay of self-concept and emotions affect one's self-esteem. Poo self-concept esults to a low aspiation in achieving things which when confonted may lead to emotions like anxiety, humiliation o self-depecation. These feelings, if not addessed, will consequently lowe self-esteem and undesiably lessen one's outlook of self and life. As Mecca (1989) explained: "Fo pesons with high self-esteem, shame is painful but not ovewhelming. Such pesons have sufficient expeiences of pide in thei lives that they can usually manage the shame they expeience. [But] Pesons with…

reference: A comprehensive Guide to Project Planning, Scheduling, Evaluation and Systems. (pp. 373-374). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.

London, M. (1999). Principled Leadership & Business Diplomacy: Values-Based Strategies for Management Development. (p. 84). Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books.

Brown, D. (2002). Career Choice & Development. Jossey-Bass Business & Management Series. (p. 18)

US: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Mecca, A.M. (1989). The Social Importance of Self-Esteem. (p. 178) Berkeley, California: University of California Press.

Self-Concept Sherfield Robert The Everything

Internalizing the views of others results in a failure to take risks, like the hypothetical case of 'Myrtle' who refused to learn how to drive because she believed what her children told her, that she knew nothing about cars (Sherfield 36). Don't rely solely on others for self-assessments suggests Sherfield. hat is 'realistic' may differ for both authors. For Brown, realistic may be more in the sense of measurable outcomes, while realistic for Sherfield means a sense of self that is motivating, that doesn't encourage the individual to aim for the stars, but still enables him or her to get out of bed and live a happy, productive life. Reaching for the stars takes smaller goals and concrete, proactive steps in the world and achieving a sense of efficacy and self-mastery and control, even if human beings may have less control over their outcomes in life. Having a sense of…

Brown, Jonathan. The Self. New York: McGraw Hill, 1997.

Sherfield, Robert M. The Everything Self-Esteem Book. New York: Adams Media, 2003.

Self-Concept Awareness Scenario One You

In one case you please the boss in the other you don't, but in both cases you demonstrate a disregard for the wishes of your loved ones. Scenario Three: A favorite relative tells you he or she is disappointed that you have decided not to continue the family tradition of pursuing a career in a particular field. How do you respond? Positive response: I would acknowledge that the family tradition was something to be proud of and that I was proud of it as well. I would explain that my interests/passions lie in a different direction and hope that she would understand and support me in my effort to make the family proud. Negative response: Tell her that it's my life, I will do as I please and to mind her own business. Scenario Four: You just got a new haircut. A close friend says, "I love your new look.…

Self-Concept Individual Project How Do

b. Nurse Nurses are the facilitators of health. They work both with the patients and all types of physicians or healthcare providers to ensure that the needed healthcare and/or medical service is given. Nurses, therefore, are very much important in maintaining a healthy and well taken care of patients. c. Health At any given time or date, health should always be the main concern of any human being. If one's health is down, he/she could not perform effectively and/or properly in any task. This is the every reason why health should be maintained through the assistance of medical and healthcare providers that abound the area. Through the combined efforts of the person and the nurses and physicians, it will be easier to ensure that person's health is in good condition. d. Environment/Society There are different threats and opportunities spread in the society and the environment. Threats are considered as those…

Self-Concept and Presentation to Prospective Employers Why

Self-Concept and Presentation to Prospective Employers Why is understanding yourself important in your career development? In general, those who find careers within their natural interests and abilities are more likely to be happy than people who end up in careers or positions that do not match their interests and skills. Understanding yourself is important for career development because prospective employers always want to see indications that job applicants are self-aware enough to appreciate their weaknesses and areas where they can make improvements as well as their strengths and area where they may already be strong, They are especially interested to know that you have a realistic perspective about how they can succeed in the positions that they see (Beatty 2003 p35). rom a much more practical perspective, understanding yourself is a fundamentally important life skill because it is impossible to make meaningful improvements in many areas of life, whether in…

From a practical perspective, prospective employers would obviously want to see evidence that you are sufficiently self-aware to recognize what past failures of yours were your fault. More importantly, prospective employers would obviously want to see evidence that you know what you are good at and what you are not as good at and what you have done in the past in situations where you recognized that you could have made some improvement to overcome problems you might have encountered in the past or to become better at your old job. As a general principle, it would obviously be very difficult to convince a prospective employer that you can make the necessary commitment to improve your vocational potential if you cannot provide some concrete evidence that you are able to recognize your limitations and then do whatever is necessary to become as good at your job as possible.

Beatty, R.H. (2003). The Resume Kit 5th Edition. Wiley & Sons: New York.

Self-Concept Maintenance Analysis of Self-Regulation

The first is the case of "imitation," wherein the individual sees similarities in his/her social environment that this reinforces his/her self-concept or desired image (i.e., the image desired is the same for the individual and the social environment). However, when the individual sees that the majority or social environment does not subscribe to the desired image or behavior of the individual, s/he will adapt and assume a different behavior/image in accordance to the social environment or situation. This case is called "contagion." Social identity theory's foundations are similar with social comparison theory, in that self-concept maintenance is highly dependent on the response or favorability of the social environment to the developed self-concept of the individual. As posited by Stets and Burke (2008), "[a] particular identity becomes activated/salient as a function of the interaction between the characteristics of the perceiver (accessibility) and of the situation (fit)" (231). Thus, when the social…

Carver, C. (2001). "Self-regulation." In Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Intraindividual Processes. A. Tesser and N. Schwarz (Eds.). MA: Blackwell Publishers.

Kaminka, G. (2007). "Towards a cognitive model of crowd behavior based on social comparison theory." American Association for Artificial Intelligence.

Stets, J. And P. Burke. (2008). "Identity theory and social identity theory." Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 63, No. 3.

Twenge, J. (2003). "Individual differences in narcissism: inflated self-views across the lifespan and around the world." Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 37.

Self-concept and Perception

My self-concept and perceptions influence my interpersonal communication in a variety of ways. First, my style of dress is a reflection of my self-concept and communicates in fashion how I perceive certain societal values and norms, whether I respect them, embody them and embrace them or whether I shun them, reject them, and disregard them. Second, my body language is a reflection of my self-concept and communicates the way in which I perceive my environment. Third, my verbal and written communications are a reflection of my self-concept and my express my perceptions about myself and the world around me in specific terms. My self-concept is based on my own sense of self image, my roles in society, and my sense of place in the universe. I define myself by the feelings I have, the thoughts I possess, the work I do, the friends I have, my family, my beliefs, and…

Theories of Self-Concept Maintenance

Self-Concept Maintenance The level of individuals' self-esteem can have an enormous effect on their performance and behaviors in the workplace. People with high levels of self-esteem will likely be more confident, assertive and accepting of constructive criticism while those with low levels of self-esteem will probably be less likely to positively assert themselves and more likely to experience poor interpersonal relationships with others. The theories of self-concept maintenance are used in this paper to help explain these dichotomous outcomes, followed by a comparison of the similarities and differences of the three theories of self-concept maintenance. An explanation concerning how each theory explains the difference of the behavior of the women in the animated workplace vignette, "The Virtual Office." Finally, the paper concludes with a description concerning fresh insights that emerged based on the above-described research. SELECT AND DESCIBE ONE OF THE WOMEN IN THE MEDIA POGAM EXHIBITING EITHE POSITIVE SELF-ESTEEM…

The virtual office. (2011). Laureate Education, Inc. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Crisp, R.J., & Turner, R.N. (2010). Essential social psychology (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA:

Fiske, S.T. (2010). Social beings: Core motives in social psychology (2nd Ed.). Hoboken, NJ:

Personal Self-Concept I Think That I Am

Personal Self-Concept: I think that I am a fairly confident person who wants to do my best in the nursing profession and can do so given the particular range of talents and qualities that I possess. Helpful talents include the ability and desire to learn and acquire new knowledge as well as the tendency to reflect. Critical reflection is an important quality in nursing, particularly as espoused by the evidence-based learning field, since it enables me to evaluate my teaching and to determine whether current and authoritative research may not reverse and update current practice thereby nudging me in new directions. I also like people and this is important for nursing. Important too is the fact that I have curiosity about other cultures and ways of life. I will need this in a field where the whole person needs to be respected for him or herself and where, as Watson…

Self-Concept and Perception

My self-concept is that I am a good friend and a good person. I try to set a good example for my friends and family on how a person should conduct oneself. I believe that civic duties are important and I believe that faith is also important, so I try to communicate both in my life. I also believe that it is important to be honest no matter what, even if it makes a person uncomfortable. Lies distort reality and lead to confusion and mistakes down the road. So it is better to be honest and forthright at all times. I also believe in dressing well and expressing my self-confidence in the manner in which I clothe myself. How we present ourselves publicly also reveals something about our self-concept (Baumeister, 1999; McLeod, 2008). The role that self-concept plays in ethical communication is that I am able to be open and…

Self Concept Self Esteem and Self Image

Although I would certainly want to address all the principles of communication to improve interpersonal relationships, one principle of communication that I can work on immediately is practicing. “Interpersonal communication is a lifelong study that requires ongoing practice for everyone,” (p. ). No one is perfect, and each person has unique styles of communication that either corresponds with their personality traits or their upbringing. Also, learning about communication helps us respond or adapt better to different types of situational variables.Every day, there is something I can do to improve communication. One is to become more self-aware, and more aware of my emotional states. Most communications problems arise when emotions get in the way or rational thought and cause misunderstandings. When I learn to listen to my own emotions, I can become a better listener in social situations. Learning how to become more self-aware and emotionally intelligent involves mindfulness, such as…

References“Chapter One: Introduction to Interpersonal Communication.”“Chapter Two: Interpersonal Communication Begins With the Self.”

Self and Social Psychology Social Psychology Is

Self and Social Psychology Social psychology is a relatively new field of study in modern science. Its focus is on the identity of the "Self" -- the sense of individuality: the component parts that make up who one "is" and the meaning of the "whole" Self. This paper acts as a referenced for individuals unfamiliar with the general principles of social psychology. It aims to provide the reader with a basic overview of the field and to define key principles often used by social psychologists. Discovering the Self Self-Concept, Awareness, and Self-Schemas Discovering the Self in social psychology can seem as simple as posing the question, "Who am I?" (Myers, 2010, p. 13). But answering the question is where the discovery of Self really begins. One's sense of identity, sense of self, sense of gender, race, categorical social grouping all factor into the answer. "Who am I?" raises the issue…

Aronson, E., Wilson, T., Akert, R. (2012). Social Psychology. NY: Pearson.

Hewitt, J.P. (2009). Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University

Jung, C. (1921). Psychological Types. Zurich: Rascher Verlag.

Self-Efficacy Believing in Oneself Self-Efficacy

). As a top manager, the person possesses three distinct categories of self-efficacy beliefs (Yun, 2007). These are his individual participant's abilities, his team's capabilities, and the organization's capabilities. Team capabilities are not simply the sum of the abilities of the individual members. And organizational capabilities are different from team capabilities. These being distinct from one another, the top manager can build his efficacy beliefs on himself, the team and the organization. Organizational efficacy can then proceed from the top manager's belief in the organization's capabilities to create competitive advantage as well as attain high performance (Yun). Self-Efficacy in the Work Environment Employee Empowerment According to Newstrom and Davis, self-efficacy is the conviction that one can successfully perform a given task and make meaningful contributions (Edralin, 2004). Causes of powerlessness and low self-efficacy in the workplace are job-related, boss-related, and reward system-related. Unclear roles and expectations, lack of opportunity to…

Bandura, a. (1994). Self-efficacy. Vol 4: 71-81 Encyclopedia of Human Behavior:

Academic Press. Retrieved on March 24, 2010 from http://www.des.edu/mfp/BanEncy.html

Beckman, R.H., et al. (2007). Effect of workplace laughter groups on personal efficacy beliefs. 28: 167-182 The Journal of Primary Prevention: Springer Science- Business

Media. Retrieved on March 23, 2010 from http://www.laughterlinks.com/research/AuthorsFullText.pdf

Self in Society and Personal

Indeed, Bandura (1997) writes, "The way in which adolescents develop and exercise their personal efficacy during this period can play a key role in setting the course their life paths take" (pg. 177). Because society is made up of people, people who have higher levels of self-efficacy in large numbers tend to change society, making it more proactive, productive, and progressive. In addition, the opposite of this is also true. Indeed, larger groups with lower levels of self-esteem and self-efficacy tend to create societies that are less motivated to change, or at least pockets within this society who have motivated the laissez-faire mentality. Furthermore, one's self-esteem, self-concept, and self-efficacy help determine how one sees one's self in society. Those who see themselves as unproductive and who believe they will be burdens to society can account for many of those who make up society's prisons and areas of social assistance. Personally,…

Alvarez, J.M. (2009). Self-Concept. Retrieved August 2, 2009, from Child Development

Reference Volume 7: http://social.jrank.org/pages/554/Self-Concept.html

Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V.S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press. Retrieved August 2, 2009, from Emory University: http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/BanEncy.html

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy. New York: Macmillan.

Self What Is the Self

711). It therefore follows that if a young woman has a poor sense of self-esteem as a result of prescribed ideals about body image, then this will also affect self-representation and even behavior patterns; for example, the woman may react negatively in an attempt to meet social norms about self-image and become Anorexic. However, the literature also makes a clear distinction between personal self-image and esteem and group esteem and expectations. One would expect that groups that are discriminated against in society would have low level of self-esteem. This is not always the case. In fact as a study by Verkuyten ( 1989) shows, high levels of personal self-esteem may result in groups that have a low social level of esteem and acceptance. "The presumption of lower self-esteem among minority youth, given their confrontation with discrimination, disregards the perspectives of minorities themselves" (Verkuyten, 1998, p. 479). This refers to "The…

Bornman, E. (1999). Self-Image and Ethnic Identification in South Africa. Journal of Social Psychology, 139(4), pp.411-425

Fiske S.T. (2004) Social Beings. Ho Boken, NJ: Wiley.

Klein, H.A. (1995). Self-Perception in Late Adolescence: An Interactive Perspective. Adolescence, 30(119), 579+.

Monteath, S.A., & McCabe, M.P. (1997). The Influence of Societal Factors on Female Body Image. Journal of Social Psychology, 137(6), pp. 708-727. Retrieved June 21, 2009, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=97807666

Self the Concept of Self

The key to flexibility of motivation is intrinsically conflicting motivational structures. The self as defined by Jung is the core or central component that keeps these opposing forces operating as an integrated whole. To what closing stages does this process manage? It was formed by evolution and so survival is the architect but it is survival not just of the next generation but into an unclear future. The self as described by Jung is the psychic image of this limitless potential for prospect development. For itself it focuses on the various dimensions of human functioning that put in to survival including ingenuity in all its forms. Sensing the self as something irrational, as an impalpable existent, to which the ego is neither opposed nor subject, but simply attached, and about which it spins very much as the earth does round the sun, accordingly the goal of individuation is reached. The…

Cavell, M. (1993). The Psychoanalytic Mind: From Freud to Philosophy. Cambridge, MA:

Deigh, J. (1996). The Sources of Moral Agency: Essays in Moral Psychology and Freudian

Theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,

Geller, L. (1984). Another look at self-actualization. Journal of humanistic psychology, 24:100

Self-Confidence in Licensed Practice Nursing

Therefore, these skills eventually become the deciding factor between the nurses either staying a nurse or leaving their career. Thus, many things are dependent on how well the nurses know their skills. Coming back to the major reason why this problem is so important. The way the nurses perform controls and actually decides how well a person recovers. The skills learnt during nursing school and how they are applied will be embedded for the nurse's entire career. Lofmark, Smide and Wikblad (2006) stated that final year nursing students believe their strongest areas are being aware of the ethics, communicating with patients, self knowledge, cooperation and being focused. Sadly, it is not the knowledge that is going to save the patients and heal them. Lofmark et al. (2006) has stated that the students say they have the lowest confidence in how much practical experience they have. Clearly, these students lack critical…

Carlson, S., Kotze, W.J., & van Rooyen, D. (2005). Experiences of final year nursing students in their preparedness to become registered nurses. Curationis, 28(4), 65-73.

Cowen, L.S., Craven, R.G., Johnson, M., & Marsh, H.W. (2006). A longitudinal study of student and experienced nurses' self-concept. Collegian, 13(3), 25-31.

Clark, M.C., Owen, S.V. And Tholcken, M.A. (2004). Measuring student perceptions of clinical competence. J Nurse Education, 42(12), 548-554.

Del Bueno, D. (2005). A Crisis in Critical Thinking. Nursing Education Perspectives, 26 (5), pp.278-282.

Self in Human Development in

e., physically), socially, and morally. In cognitive development, the individual learns how to think for himself/herself, and create decisions, judgments, and thoughts that are uniquely his/hers. Social development, meanwhile, is reinforced through one's recognition of gender identity. Through gender identity, the individual is able to determine and reinforce the role and status that society has given him or her as a man or woman. In effect, the individual becomes part of the society's institutions and structure because of the reinforcement of one's gender identity. Lastly, moral development takes place when the individual, based on his own cognitive and social experiences, is able to formulate his/her "personal philosophy," value judgment that s/he uses to create his/her beliefs, opinions, and feelings about life in general. ibliography Santrock, J. (2001). Psychology. NY: McGraw-Hill ook Co.

Santrock, J. (2001). Psychology. NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co.

Self Understanding Myself We Are

This is another weaker area I aim to work harder on - always trying to picture myself out carrying his or her burden or sharing his or her joy. This will make me more appreciative of people I hold dear and less judgmental or condemnatory to those I do not have much liking for. But how do we really get to know a person? I believe it is only through open lines of communication that relationships grow and nourish. So from now on, I aim to breed the habit of telling people how I feel, as our actions are bound to be misinterpreted and what we are trying to portray could be very contradictory to their observations. Likewise, opening yourself up to people around you makes them comfortable to show their inner selves to you, too. This could also be achieved through listening, another skill I would like to master.…

Gray, John. (2000). Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus. Harper Collins.

Wood, Julia T. Communication in our lives.

Wood, Julia. (1997). Communication Theories in Action. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Self-Worth and Need to Belong

Gang ecruitment Self-Worth and the Need to Belong Juvenile Delinquency Paper The self-help author Wayne Dyer once wrote that, "Self-worth comes from one thing…thinking that you are worthy." This quote captures the functional role of gangs: they exist because they serve a purpose. Gangs are attractive to recruits because they promise a variety of benefits. Though many members reap material benefits from joining, it is the psychological benefits which play a critical role in the decision to join a gang, particularly as it relates to self-worth and the need to belong. While some gang members often portray themselves with great machismo, think highly of themselves and are proud of what they have become, the majority of youths who join gangs suffer from a negative self-image (Miller, 2001). Opportunities to feel good about themselves in their family or at school are few and far between. Yablonsky (1997) tells us "The gangsters'…

Maslow, A.H. (1970). Motivation and Personality. New York, NY: Harper and Row.

Miller, J., Maxson, C., Klein, M. (2001). The Modern Gang Reader. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Co.

Sanchez-Jankowski, M.S. (1991). Islands in the Street: Gangs and American Urban Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Shelden, R., Tracy, S., Brown, W. (1997). Youth Gangs in American Society. Ann Arbor, MI: Wadsworth Publishers.

Self-Directed Teams Self-Directed Work Teams

Moreover, the strong correlation between confidence in peers and communication/problem understanding demonstrated that it is the confidence and ability of these co-workers that encourage members of self-managing teams to gather new information and knowledge, so that they may create useful decisions in relation to problem solving. Confidence in peers resulted in a negative, not positive, impact on organization and negotiation. This suggested that confidence in peers has a negative effect in the process of organizing the dissemination of knowledge in self-managing teams. Thus, it is imperative for team members to trust their peers and management and, in doing so, create and share new knowledge and further the organization's opportunity to offer best solutions to clients. Present research lacks the empirical evidence supporting the relationship between interpersonal trust and knowledge acquisition. Especially, academicians and practitioners are interested in studying whether "interpersonal trust" advances the follower's knowledge acquisition practices -- knowledge sharing…

Abbott, J.B., Boyd, N.B, and Miles, G. (2006) Does Type of Team Matter? An Investigation of the Relationships Between Job Characteristics and Outcomes Within a Team-Based Environment. The Journal of Social Psychology

Attaran, M. And Nguyen, N.U. (1999) Succeeding with self-managed work teams. CT Industrial Management. 41(4). 24-29

Brannick, M.T. And C. Prince. An overview of team performance measurement. In Team performance assessment and measurement-Theory, methods, and applications, ed. M. Brannick, E. Salas and C. Prince. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Brannick, M.T., E. Salas and C. Prince. 1997. Team performance assessment and measurement: Theory, methods, and applications. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Self-Analysis Many People Including Myself Can Coast

Self-Analysis Many people, including myself, can coast through life, without giving much thought to personal goals or planning. However, after taking this course I realized the value in thinking deeply about my future, especially in relation to my talents, dreams, and desires. The lessons have opened my mind and broadened my horizons in many areas, as I can apply the lessons to almost every aspect of my life, from relationships to personal finances. Moreover, I have begun to appreciate more fully the meaning behind much of the rhetoric I often hear. For instance, while I always heard that a college education could be beneficial for me, I never truly grasped what a higher education actually entailed. After taking this course, I will pursue a degree not only because I feel I "should," but because I genuinely desire to experience college life. In addition to the networking and social opportunities college…

Self-Regulation Issues in Children and Adolescents With ADHD ODD and OCD

Self-egulation Issues in Children and Adolescence with ADHD, ODD, and OCD Self-regulation in children and adolescence who suffer from ADHD, ODD, and OCD (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder) is often evident due to several things. A lot of the issues in relation to self-regulation stem from additional anxiety the child/teen may feel from the difficulties experienced from these kinds of mental disorders. OCD is known to cause anxiety and isolationist behaviors leading to decreased emotional self-regulation. ADHD at times can cause hyperfocus, making it difficult for the child/teen to switch tasks therefore limiting their ability to handle their emotions and activities that assist in regulating themselves. ODD, connected to ADHD, is a disorder that has the child react angrily and spitefully to people in otherwise normally responsive situations. The extreme feelings of children or adolescence who manifest ODD make it hard for them to…

Barkley, R.A. (2013). Oppositional Defiant Disorder: The Four Factor Model for Assessment and Management - by Russell A. Barkley, Ph.D. Retrieved from http://www.continuingedcourses.net/active/courses/course079.php

Blum, K., Chen, A.L., & Oscar-Berman, M. (2008). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4(5), 893-918. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2626918/

Campbell, S.B. (1990). Behavior problems in preschool children: Clinical and developmental issues. New York: Guilford Press.

Cheng, M., & Boggett-Carsjens, J. (2005). Consider Sensory Processing Disorders in the Explosive Child: Case Report and Review. Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 14(2), 44-48.

Self and Other George Herbert Mead Is

Self and Other George Herbert Mead is one of the pioneers of American philosophy as well as among the founders of Pragmatism. His work was published in several papers during his lifetime and even after his death. After his death, his students published four books in his name from his unpublished work. Mead's work has significantly influenced the 20th century social sciences. His theory of the emergence of mind and self is considered as a milestone in social philosophy. His contributions were not limited to social philosophy but his work also contributed in other areas of philosophy such as philosophy of nature or philosophical anthropology. Because of his significant contributions, he was being considered one of the greatest thinkers of his time. The Self According to Mead: According to the theories presented by Mead, self is characteristically different from physiological organism. Self is not present in an individual by birth…

George Herbert Mead & Charles W. Morris: Mind Self and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist: Chicago: University of Chicago: 1934.

George Herbert Mead: The Social Self: The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods: 10, 374-380: 1913

George Herbert Mead: The Mechanisms of Social Consciousness: The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods

George Herbert Mead: A Behavioristic Account of the significant symbol: Journal of Philosophy: 1922

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies and Communication

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies and Communication Does the full moon really effect one's behavior? Does Friday the 13th really deserve extra precaution? Is a Harvard professor wiser than say an Appalachian hermit? Or is someone who abandons their life of wealth and fame, suffering from mental illness? Is one race or gender more adept at a particular profession than another? There is no scientific evidence that proves the full moon has any effect on a person's personality or behavior, yet those in law enforcement and the medical profession often say that crime, accidents, and psychotic behavior are higher during the full moon, moreover, many people say they feel more anxious or nervous during a full moon. Henry David Thoreau lived in the woods for several years, St. Francis of Assisi abandoned his wealth and military position for a life of poverty, and many people regard Friday 13th as a lucky day. Self-fulfilling…

Barsoux, Jean-Louis. "The Set-Up-to-Fail Syndrome." Harvard Business Review. March http://ask.elibrary.com/getdoc.asp?pubname=Harvard_Business_Review&puburl=http~C~~S~~S~www.hbsp.harvard.edu&querydocid=:bigchalk:U.S.;Lib&dtype=0~0&dinst=0&author=Jean%2DLouis+Barsoux+%2D+INSEAD+%28France%29&title=The+Set%2DUp%2Dto%2DFail+Syndrome++&date=03%2D01%2D1998&query=effects+of+Self%2Dfulfilling+prophecies+&maxdoc=30&idx=3.(accessed 10-30-2002).

Bushman, Brad J.; Baumeister, Roy F.; Stack, Angela D. "Catharsis, Aggression, and Persuasive Influence: Self-Fulfilling or Self-Defeating Prophecies?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Volume 76. No. 3 January 1999. http://www.apa.org/journals/psp/psp763367.html.(accessed 10-30-2002).

Feingold, Alan. "Gender Stereotyping for Sociability, Dominance, Character, and MentalHealth: A Meta-Analysis of Findings From the Bogus Stranger Paradigm." Genetic, Social & General Psychology Monographs. Volume 124. August 01, 1998. http://ask.elibrary.com/getdoc.asp?pubname=Genetic,_Social_~A~_General_Psychology_Monographs&puburl=http~C~~S~~S~www.heldref.org~S~mono.html&querydocid=:bigchalk:U.S.;Lib&dtype=0~0&dinst=0&author=FEINGOLD%2C+ALAN&title=Gender+Stereotyping+for+Sociability%2C+Dominance%2C+Character%2C+and+MentalHealth%3A+A+Meta%2DAnalysis+of+Findings+From+the+Bogus+Stranger+Paradigm+%2E++&date=08%2D01%2D1998&query=effects+of+Self%2Dfulfilling+prophecies+&maxdoc=30&idx=24.

A accessed 10-30-2002).

Self-Control Theory of Crime One

(Nofziger, 2001, p. 10) All sociological (subculture) theories do not blame the parents of deviant children for bad parenting, some in fact say it isn't an abundance of bad parenting but a lack or limitation of positive parenting in a subculture that has peers training individual children, regardless of risk status to be deviant. (Brendtro, Mitchell & Mccall, 2007, p. 200) Most stress the need for parents to reassert focus on the family, and yet very few discuss much more difficult questions of social disparity and observed social helplessness, that contradicts the teaching of parents. When a parent tells a child that they can achieve anything they set their mind to and then they repeatedly see clues and cues in their environment that contradicts this observation, by omission when those who succeed in legitimate manners leave the community to by commission when society offers alternative (deviant) choices in abundance but…

Bartkowski, J.P. (1995). Spare the Rod..., or Spare the Child? Divergent Perspectives on Conservative Protestant Child Discipline. Review of Religious Research, 37(2), 97-116.

Bowman, P.J., & Sanders, R. (1998). Unmarried African-American Fathers: A Comparative Life Span Analysis. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 29(1), 39.

Brendtro, L.K., Mitchell, M.L., & Mccall, H. (2007). Positive Peer Culture: Antidote to "Peer Deviance Training." Reclaiming Children and Youth, 15(4), 200.

2001). Bullies, Fights, and Guns: Testing Self-Control Theory with Juveniles. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing.

Self-Organization Our Own Company Is

4.The risk of democracy vs. The rewards given by loyal company employees who feel valued. (Clark, 1999) 5. The risk of listening to the 'lower rungs' on the totem pole whom may challenge one's core beliefs -- and the reward of gaining a stronger sense of values 6. The risk of a costly transition to a new modality of leadership vs. The rewards of eschewing stale stasis. (Sims & Manz, 1995) 7. The risk of hearing what you don't like vs. The reward of having employees as well as one's own self have more successful careers. (Sims & Manz, 1995) The risk of immediate upward vs. The long time reward of a stronger company The risk of greater conflict vs. The reward of working with a group of people who are as optimistic, energetic, and successful as you are on all company levels of hierarchy. The risk and the chance,…

Clark, Bob. (Web Page created March 19, 1997) "Concepts of Leadership." Last update - February 27, 2000. http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leader.html " Big Dog's Leadership Page. Retrieved on 5 November 2004 at http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadcon.html

Clark, Bob. (Web Page created March 19, 1998) "Leadership and Human Behavior." Last update - May 1999.

Self-Improvement Spiritual Guru Deepak Chopra

..then put down four qualities for each that you find most offensive" (Chopra 121). He now says to look at the list and for each trait say, "I acted like this when I..." And cautions that this is not to wallow in self-criticism but to reclaim feelings rather than projecting them onto others (Chopra 122). Says Chopra, "when you are able to see yourself in what you hate, you come closer to realizing that you contain everything, as befits a child of spirit" (Chopra 122). This is certainly easier said than done. hat of an abusive parent, an abusive mate, an arrogant boss, or Hitler? Are we to list the qualities that we despise in Hitler and then compare ourselves to that list? True, most self-help books and psychology do claim that people most often project their own flaws and fears onto the people around them, however, it seems that…

Chopra, Deepak. The Path to Love. Harmony Books. 1997; 1. 2. 3. 4, 64, 65, 67, 121, 122, 193, 194, 195, 328.

Self-Advocacy Steps to Successful Transition

Still, Mason indicates that the opposite is often true in public education settings, where educators, parents and institutions collectively overlook the implications of research and demands imposed by law. Indeed, "despite the IDEA requirements, research results, teacher perceptions, and strong encouragement from disabilities rights advocate, many youth have been left out of IEP and self-determination activities. For example, 31% of the teaches in a 1998 survey reported that they wrote no self-determination goals, and 41% indicated they did not have sufficient training or information on teaching self-determination." (Mason et al., 442) This is a troubling finding, and one which implicates the needed paradigm shift discussed already in the research endeavor. Clearly, as the matter is framed by Mason et al., educators and researchers have already acknowledged the value in the strategies addressed here. By contrast, institutional change has been hard won, with schools and administrators balking at making broad-based alterations…

Beresford, B. (2004). On the Road to Nowhere? Young Disabled People and Transition. Child: Care, Health and Development, 30(6).

Department of Education (DOE). (2007). Guide to the Individualized Education Program. United States Department of Education. Online at http://www.ed.gov/parents/needs/speced/iepguide/index.html .

Katsiyannis, A.; deFur, S. & Conderman, G. (1998). Transition Services -- Systems Change for Youth with Disabilities? A Review of State Practices? The Journal of Special Education, 32(2), 55-61.

Mason, C.; Field, S. & Sawilowsky, S. (2004). Implementation of self-determination activities and student participation in IEPs. Council for Exceptional Children, 70(4), 441-451.

Self-Expression of Identity Literature Review

Each outside label has an affect on that individuals own conception of them, effectively rising or lowering self-image. These categories allow individuals of the same label to sometimes band together in order to further develop their own unique identities away from the labeling and discrimination from the larger group who may view them as abnormal, (Oxoby & McLeish, 2007: 13). Once inside a more specific group, these individuals have the capacity to flourish, and gain more and more self-esteem, (Handler, 1991: 223). However, when placed outside of these smaller groups into the larger population, this identity is once again viewed in a discriminatory manner, (Taylor & Moghaddam, 1994: 134). This occurs mainly due to the xenophobia each group portrays towards other groups, which then creates a hostile environment for the establishment of strong individual identities. One way to examine the formations of deaf and queer identities using the Social Identity…

Adam, B. 2000. "Love and Sex in Constructing Identity Among Men Who Have Sex

With Men." International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies 5(4).

Barry, P. (2002). Lesbian and gay criticism. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Bourdieu, P. & Passeron, J.-C. (1977) Reproduction in Education, Culture and Society,

Self-Defense One of the Fundamental Concepts of

Self-Defense One of the fundamental concepts of any free, democratic society is the idea of the individual's right to self-defense -- that one may use any means at one's disposal to protect one's person or property from assault from another. However, there are important stipulations and limitations that define the allowable limits an individual may approach -- and crossing over these limits can make the difference between being a justified victim and an outright criminal. According to the legal definition of self-defense, the use of force is allowed when an individual "reasonable believes that it is necessary for the defense of oneself or another against the immediate use of unlawful force. However, a person must use no more force than appears reasonably necessary in the circumstances." This means that one can only employ enough force to remove the present threat. For example, one may only use lethal force in self-defense…

Kopel, David B. (2000) "The self-defense cases: Howe the United States Supreme Court confronted a hanging judge in the nineteenth century and taught some lessons for jurisprudence in the twenty-first." American Journal of Criminal Law. Summer, 293.

Lectric Law Library. 2002. "Self-Defense." Web Site. Retrieved from Web site on March 31, 2004 http://www.lectlaw.com/def/d030.htm

Starr v. United States 153 U.S. 614 (1894).

Wallace v. United States.162 U.S. 466 (1896).

Self and Personality Theories Ethics

The causes of human actions and behavior are generally sought for in the psyche of the individual or in the social environment. eferences Ewen obert B. ( 1998) An Introduction to Theories of Personality. 5th ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Boeree C. ABAHAM MASLOW: 1908 -1970. etrieved from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html Guy T.M. (2004) Freud's Theory of Culture: Eros, Loss, and Politics. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology; 3/22/2004. etrieved from http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-125869018.html Jantzen, Grace M.(2004) Death and the Displacement of Beauty. New York: outledge. McKeachie W. And Doyle C. ( 1971) Psychology. New York: Addison-Wesley. athna I. Ethics in the practice of clinical psychology. etrieved from http://www.issuesinmedicalethics.org/172ar69.html oth. M. Conflict and Culture. etrieved from http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9810/freud.html Strachey, James, ed. (1961) Civilization and Its Discontents. 1st ed. New York W.W. Norton. The Final Struggle and Victory of Science - Pinel and Tuke. etrieved from http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/insanity/pinel.html The Genetic Self. etrieved from http://www.trans4mind.com/transformation/transform7.1.htm The Scope Of Psychology.…

Ewen Robert B. ( 1998) An Introduction to Theories of Personality. 5th ed. Mahwah,

NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Boeree C. ABRAHAM MASLOW: 1908 -1970. Retrieved from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html

Guy T.M. (2004) Freud's Theory of Culture: Eros, Loss, and Politics. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology; 3/22/2004. Retrieved from http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-125869018.html

Shortcomings and Biases in Person Perception Self-Verification

Biases in Person Perception-Self-Verification Biases in Self-Perception "O wad some Pow'r the giftie gie us ... To see ourselves as others see us," wrote Scotland's bard obert Burns, asserting the oft-believed truism that we would all like to have the power to know exactly what it is that other people are saying and thinking about us. And yet, as the poet continues on to say, the more we think about this idea the less wholeheartedly we might well be to embrace it: Thinking about how others see us (and especially if they so precipitate as to tell us their precise thoughts) carries a very high degree of social and psychological risk. The high degree of risk so incurred arises in no small part from the fact that when we consider the idea that other people know what we are "really" like rather than the self-deception with which we cloak ourselves…

London, M. (2003). Antecedents and consequences of self-verification: Implications for individual and group development. Human Resource Development Review 2(3), 273-293.

Pasupathi, P. & Rich, B. (2005) Inattentive listening undermines self-verification in personal storytelling. Journal of personality 73(4).

Swann, W.B. & Ely, R. (1984). A battle of wills: Self-verification vs. behavioral confirmation. Journal of personality and social psychology 46(6), 1287-1302.

Rossiter M 2007 Possible Selves

Retrieved May 2, 2008, from Academic Search Premier database. This article promotes the National Year of Reading in England which was created to promote increased reading and improve literacy. Specific ideas of supporting adults in reading and using the National Year as an opportunity to do this are presented. The incidental rewards of pleasure reading are also noted. Stanistreet, P. (2008, March). A girl like you. Adults Learning, 19(7), 11-13. Retrieved May 2, 2008, from Academic Search Premier database. Stanistreet met with Gilda O'Neill, who, at age 15, was told by a teacher that "girls like her" never become writers. (p. 11) She grew up during World War I and began writing about her experiences. Her life had consisted of material poverty and, after repeated discouragement, she dropped out of school. She continued to eagerly absorb information from any source and became the writer she had always wanted to be.…

Duke questions the role of lifelong learning as part of attaining the goals of "Education for all." The "Education of all" initiative was developed in the northern parts of the globe, and is now being considered for the poor countries in the southern hemisphere. This is a report of a discussion of national and international attempts to use the "Education of all" program to increase lifelong learning in developing countries. Implementation is not simple because the program is confusing and there is resistance to acceptance.

Long hours don't deliver results. (2008, March). Adults Learning, Retrieved May 2, 2008, from Academic Search Premier database.

Education managers continue to work long hours, but with few returns. This article reports that this affects productivity and morale. Specifically, exercise and developing new skills are prevented due to the overload. This affects both health and performance. The article concludes with the questions: Why are employers not working to lessen the overtime, and why are employees not taking the responsibility to manage themselves?

Family by Applying Theories Concepts and Knowledge

family by applying theories, concepts and knowledge. Through the study of the theories and concepts, the study will look at how families communicate, behave, operate and will also highlight common problems facing the family and especially tackling the health issue and how social systems affect provision of health care, and will illuminate this through an in-depth study of how it applies or affect the family unit. The study will discuss diversity issues in relation to the social system. Family life is being scrutinized, and a new definition of a family is emerging every day, but in simple terms a family is a group consisting of parents and children living together in a household, caring and supporting each other. According to Merriam-ebster Dictionary; a family is a fundamental social group in society typically consisting of one or two parents and their children. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit…

Boss P. Doherty W. LaRossa R. (2008). Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods: A contextual Approach, New York: Springer

Crawford, (1999), Bilingual Education: History Politics, Theory and Practice, 23 July 2011, http://www.one nation.org/Crawford.html

LaRossa & Reitzes. (1993). Family Theory, Washington D.C: Chapman Publishers

McGoldrick M, Gerson R. & Shellenberger S. (1985). Genograms in Family Assessment. W.W. Norton: North America

Building Self-Esteem Self-Esteem Is One

" Young children are more likely to benefit from tasks and activities that offer a real challenge than from those that are merely frivolous or fun." (Katz) Children can help prepare meals, care for pets, and do other projects that are productive. The child will be able to translate that the parent trusts him or her with a truly important task -- not just a make-believe one -- into a sense of being trustworthy, useful, and able to accomplish things. When children show interest in a parent's activities, if that parent includes him or her in that activity and takes that interest seriously, it can be a strong self-esteem boost. Encouragement is vital, and it is important to acknowledge progress as well as rewarding achievement. Parents also show trust in the child to accomplish things by setting a few reasonable rules for even toddlers to follow; "Knowing that certain family…

Hart, Louise. "Self-Esteem: The Best Gift You Can Give Your Child -- and Yourself." Mothering Magazine. Spring, 1989. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0838/is_n51/ai_7512259

Henry, Sarah. "Ten Ways to Build Your Child's Self-Esteem." ParentCenter Medical Advisory Board. http://parentcenter.babycenter.com/refcap/preschooler/pdevelopment/65569.html

Katz, Lilian. "How Can We Strengthen Children's Self-Esteem?" ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education. Summer, 1995. http://www.kidsource.com/kidsource/content2/strengthen_children_self.html

Individual the So-Called Object Concept

That is, until an infant ealizes that she is looking at heself in the mio athe than anothe baby, the concept of self cannot begin to fom (Johnston, 1996). As childen matue, the link between cognition and self-concept becomes moe illuminated. In olde childen, pat of the matuation pocess is the ability to solve poblems and pocess infomation (Siegle and Alibali, 2004). The fact that childen use a vaiety of stategies and behave diffeently when ovecoming obstacles to each a common goal eflects diffeences not only in thei cognitive abilities but also how they see themselves -- "I don't give up easily; I always ty my best; I lean well; I don't like myself," etc. (Measelle et al., 2005). If, as ealie suggested, by five to seven yeas of age, childen ae able to give accuate self-desciptions of themselves, then the pecusos of self-concept clealy evolve aound the toddle and…

references, discussing negative emotions, engaging children in conversations, discovering unique attributes, and the like all have Western upbringing tones. In other cultures, these norms may not be norms at all and hence the psychometric procedures used to generate traditionally Western self-description may not apply, say among Chinese or Asian children (Wang, 2004). The Chinese, as opposed to the autonomy-oriented European-Americans, are interdependent and put value in kinship such that a person's identity is often tied to his social responsibilities. Social rules exist in the Chinese culture that promotes humility and self-criticism for the sake of social harmony (Chin, 1988, in Wang, 2004). This, of course, is in contrast to Western culture that promotes self-enhancement.

A recent study on the comparative autobiographical memories and self-description in 3- to 8-year-old American and Chinese children considered the following differences and used a relatively novel, open-ended narrative method to examine the development of self-constructs. The results of the study are consistent with the cultural outlines above. American children tend to describe themselves in terms of their personal attributes and inner disposition in a generally light tone. Chinese children, on the other hand, focused on specific relationships, social roles, observable behavior, and situation bound features in a modest tone (Wang, 2004). The implication of this study is that self-concept is culture-specific and that the early emergence of cultural self-constructs may prepare children to become competent members of their respective societies (Wang, 2004).

In summary, this paper illustrates that the development of self is a product of cognitive achievement, everyday experiences, and cultural values. The role of child-parent interactions and differing cultural beliefs are emphasized as crucial in shaping self-concept among children.

Management Concepts and Theory

Management Theory vs. Organizational Functions Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory is useful for raising awareness of the contribution between job challenge and responsibility in motivating employees toward higher productivity and employee retention. It has also been useful in identifying and assessing customer satisfaction characteristics. Fishbein's Reasoned Action Theory is useful for explaining why particular behaviors are happening and the underlying causes of the behavior. Both theories are useful for identifying problem areas and planning actions for improvement in organizational behaviors. According to (Bolm, 2012), the Two-factor Theory claims individual perception of satisfaction or dissatisfaction relates to discrete intrinsic and extrinsic variables where a variable can uniquely influence satisfaction or dissatisfaction, but not both. Motivator (intrinsic) factors include achievement, recognition, and responsibility where hygiene (extrinsic) factors include policy, status, and security. Motivator factors, when present, increase job motivation and satisfaction, but, when not present, show no effect. Hygiene factors, when present, show no…

Bolm, J. (2012). Two-factor theory-at the intersection of health care management and patient satisfaction. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res., vol 4, 277-285 Retrieved from http:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468274.

Dartey-Baah, K. & . (2011). Application of Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory in assessing and understanding employee motivation at work: A Ghanian Perspective. European Journal of Business and Management 3(9).

Peters, R.M. (2010). Theory of Planned Behavior, Self-Care Motivation, and Blood Pressure Self-Care. Res Theory Nurs Pract, 24(3), 172-186 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm, nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3728772.

Sukato, N. & . (2009). A Model of Male Consumer Behavior in Buying Skin Care Products in Thailand. ABAC Journal, 29(1), 39-52 Retrieved from http://www.abacjournal.au.edu/2009/jan09/article03_JanApr2009.pdf .

12 Steps Self-Help Group

12-step programs were somewhat mixed. On one hand, I have friends who say that they would never have recovered without Alcoholic's Anonymous (AA). I have never suffered an addiction myself so I cannot presume to judge the validity of their experiences. On the other hand, I often find the language of addiction and recovery, and its insistence upon the '12 steps' to be confining, even cultish in tone. I attended a 'speaker's meeting' for this assignment. Although meetings are anonymous and closed to observers, at an AA speaker's meeting, a speaker with a year or more of sobriety talks to an open group to relate his or her experience, followed by discussion (Garrett 2009). The meeting I attended was consistent with the literature I had previously read on AA: "the three important steps to sobriety are admitting powerlessness to alcohol, turning yourself over to a 'higher power' and never drinking…

Bakalar, Nicholas. (2006). Review sees no advantage in 12-step programs. The New York Times.

Retrieved October 4, 2011 at http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/25/health/25drin.html

Garrett, Floyd P. (2009). Your first AA Meeting. Recovery and Wellness.

Retrieved October 4, 2011 at http://www.bma-wellness.com/papers/First_AA_Meeting.html#Speaker%20

Promoting Self-Esteem Through Mentoring Teachers

Peer tutoring was found to be an effective tool for teaching those with learning disabilities to read (Fuchs, Fuchs, and Saenz, 2005). This research supports the use of struggling readers in the first grade for the group that receives the tutoring. First graders that are enrolled in the program are already labeled as learning disabled. Whether their difficulty in reading is caused by an organic deficiency, or an emotional problem, intervention by way of peer tutoring will help to reduce its effects. Strengthening mentor programs is an essential part of the equation when it comes to academic performance (King, et al., 2002). A strong mentoring program has many benefits for individual students, but it also has benefits for the school as well, including improved overall academic perforce and a decrease in school violence. Peer mentoring programs were found to be better than intervention programs that used a teacher, especially if…

Chard, D.; Kameenui, E.. (2000) Struggling First-Grade Readers: The Frequency and Progress of Their Reading. Journal of Special Education, 34 (1), 128.

Dufrene, BA., Duhon, G.J., Gilbertson, D.N., & Noell, G.H. (2005). Monitoring implementation of reciprocal peer tutoring: Identifying and intervening with students who do not maintain accurate implementation. School Psychology Review, 34(1), 74.

Emler, Nicholas (2002) the costs and causes of low self-esteem. Youth Studies

Australia, 21(3) 45. Retrieved June 21, 2006, from the ULV Academic Search

critical thinking Concepts and Tools

Part One: Main Ideas and Insights Critical thinking does not necessarily come naturally to people, who are subject to biases and prejudicial assumptions. According to Paul & Elder (2016), critical thinking can be learned and mastered. Critical thinking is essential for improving quality of life and promoting best practices in any field. With critical thinking, a person actively seeks answers and solutions to problems, probing multiple points of view and perspectives. Therefore, critical thinking requires open-mindedness and strong communication skills. Critical thinking also requires time and self-discipline, including the painstaking gathering of data, information, and evidence, and picking apart each issue using systematic methods. Rather than being reactive or subjective, critical thinking involves thorough analyses and assessments, with problem solving as its primary goal. Critical thinking is clear, accurate, significant, and ultimately, fair. According to Paul & Elder (2016), all thought involves the same eight elements including point of view,…

Self and Others the Manner in Which

Self and Others The manner in which people view themselves has been shown to be an important predictor of their behavior, achievement, and physical and psychological health. There has been a growing trend in recent years to promote a positive self-view in young people through the avoidance of failure. Increasingly, positive reinforcement is provided for merely taking part and trying rather than succeeding or failing, with little regard to the long-term consequences of such practices. To help identify the long-term implications of such practices, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature to determine whether keeping children from having to face failure provides them with an accurate view of themselves as they relate to the people around them and others around them. A discussion concerning how, as these children grow and mature, they will likely deal with cognitive dissonance and failure in their lives is followed by a summary…

Cassel, R.N., Chow, P., Demoulin, D.F. & Reiger, R.C. (2000). Identifying high school freshmen with serious atypical behavior and mental health problems for delinquency prevention purposes. Education, 121(2), 257.

Cryder, C.E., Lerner, J.S., Gross, J.J., & Dahl, R.E. (2008). Misery is not miserly: Sad and self-focused individuals spend more. Psychological Science, 19, 525-530

Nielsen, D.M. & Metha, A. (1999). Parental behavior and adolescent self-esteem in clinical and nonclinical samples. Adolescence, 29(115), 525-527.

Pierce, G.R., Sarason, BR. & Sarason, I.G. (1996). Cognitive interference: Theories, methods, and findings. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Self Identity

Cheesman (2002) conducted a study on Karen identity in the Union of Myanmar with regards to historical and social conditions. The study found that Karen identity is a relatively difficult identity because individuals from this ethnic background do not have a common language, material attributes, religion and culture. While most of the existing assessments of this ethnic identity have been carried out in Thailand, it is largely influenced by historical and social conditions in the Union of Myanmar. Based on a review of contemporary Myanmar, people of Karen identity are seemingly virtuous, illiterate (uneducated), and oppressed. Many aspects relating to this identity appear to emphasize inferiority and subordination mostly because of mythology and modifications by the elite. Similar to the Union of Myanmar, Karen identity was brought by political dynamics and created by elite groups in the society. The information provided in the article is accurate with regards to the…

Self Incrimination and Right to Counsel Approach

The idea of remaining silent when faced with accusation has historical religious and legal roots. Moses teachings', transformed to written form by the ancient Talmudic law had a complete ban on self-incrimination. The self-incrimination law could not be changed because it was viewed to contravene the natural instinct for survival. The ancient common law rule also had it that confusions must be voluntary. When the right to remain silent was included in the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. constitution, it was tied to a complicated and controversial history. The Supreme Court has applied three tenets in the constitution to evolve rules that govern police interrogation and the confession process. These three include the Sixth Amendment on the Right to Counsel, the Fourteenth Amendment clause on due process and the Fifth Amendment on Self-incrimination clauses. Each of these provisions has led the police to handle interrogation and confessions in varying ways…

Self-Supervision in Counseling Given the

If a psychotherapist is used to assessing their own performance then they themselves will be that much more effective. That benefits all parties involved for patient to doctor. A counselor's duties are first and foremost, pushing and challenging their client in a safe environment. it's imperative that a client feel unthreatened but still be pushed beyond their comfort zone which, oftentimes, becomes interacting with daily life. How then, to judge growth? If a counselor is self-employed then it becomes crucial to continuously and regularly check and grade oneself for the client. Any form of therapy produces some resistance to changing old ways. Client's often feel their not moving or growing when in reality, they've made huge strides they cannot see. With no supervisor to answer to and the misinterpretation by the patient themselves, self-assessment is key. Identifying what techniques are helping and what are hindering. Only in education are we…

Dunning, D. (2005). Self-insight: roadblocks and detours on the path to knowing thyself. Psychology Press; New York, NY.

Morrissette, P.J. (2001). Self-supervision: A primer for counselors and helping professionals. Brunner-Routledge; New York, NY.

Self-love Not Only Is the Phrase Self-Love

self-Love. Not only is the phrase self-love used as synonymous with the desire of happiness, but it is often confounded with the word selfishness, which certainly, in strict propriety, denotes a very different disposition of mind." --Slewart. [Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary] The novel "Things Fall part," by Chinua chebe, is a shocking account of the life and extinction of an frican tribe called the Ibo. The light is mainly on the main character, Okonkwo, who begins his search for self-perfection at a very young age. He was highly unimpressed with his father and vowed to never to be like him. Okonkwo and his family suffered through trying times but he eventually beat the odds and was very successful as the leader of the tribe. However, on beating his wives, he disobeyed the gods by refusing to offer animal sacrifice. The gods gave him a severe punishment. He was extremely selfish…

A movie based on the theme of self-love is the animated comedy called Shrek, about an ugly green ogre who's on a quest to rescue a princess for the egocentric lord who simply wants her because he feels she is perfect for his kingdom. However, Shrek sees the inner beauty in the princess and they develop mutual respect and also fall in love. Although, this movie is based on the concept of self-love, it also deals with the importance of couples accepting each other as they regardless of the faults they have in each other.

As for myself, I always willingly acknowledge my own self as the principal cause of every good and of every evil which may befall me; therefore I have always found myself capable of being my own pupil, and ready to love my teacher.

Giacomo Casonova. [Quotes on self-love, available at http://www.freedomsnest.com/cgi-bin/q.cgi?subject=self-love]

Self-Renewal You Are Never Too

The world changes, and we must change with the world, and that is a good thing, as talents we took for granted suddenly seem more remarkable, if we develop them and they are recognized and nurtured by others. I also believe that education, when embarked upon at a later date, can quite frequently be more enriching, given the greater self-knowledge that comes with age. As an adolescent, avoiding homework is a frequent act of childish rebellion. But the adult knows that time is finite and making the most of the here and now means embracing rather than avoiding work. An adult also knows better what he or she likes and dislikes, what are his or her strengths and weaknesses, and so the can better cope with these deficits and compensate for them. Yet an adult may fear to take more risks, unlike the child that joyously learns to walk by…

Self-Made Man and the Recipient of Divine

Self-Made Man and the Recipient of Divine Grace: Benjamin Franklin vs. Jonathan Edwards Despite the fact that both Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan Edwards are honored as two of the greatest authors of colonial America, they could not be more different in their ideological orientations. Edwards (1703-1758) is perhaps most famous for penning the image of the human soul as a spider in the hand of a merciful God, suspended above the flames of hell in his sermon "Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God." All human beings, Edwards implied in his image, were essentially fallen beings. A true Puritan, Edwards believed there was no way for hard work to win divine favor; one could only hope to be the recipient of divine grace. In contrast, Franklin (1706-1790), despite living during roughly the same time period as Edwards, was the consummate self-made man. As well as being credited as one…

Edwards, Jonathan. "A divine and supernatural light." CCEL. Web. 16 Dec 2013. http://www.ccel.org/e/edwards/sermons/supernatural_light.html

Franklin, Benjamin. "From Chapter VIII of The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin." The

American Tradition in Literature. Perkins & Perkins (Ed). McGraw Hill.

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0077239040/student_view0/benjamin_franklin/texts_online.html

Self Four Aspects of Self

This could be referred to in terms of Stern's Sense of Subjective Self. As Stern notes, the child or infant becomes aware that the 'gap' that develops in the realization of its subjectivity can be overcome through various intersubjective experiences. My strength in this regard lies in my understanding of the value of intersubjectivity in enhancing my own sense of self. Another strength that I have that can be related to Stern's theory is the verbal self. As Stern notes, the capacity that the child develops for representation and language usage also tends to enhance intersubjective aspects of development. In other words, intersubjectivity is improved through the development of symbolic language. This is a strength that I feel can be further enhanced and improved in later life. A sensitivity to language and symbolic representation also allows us to develop better relationship skills. In conclusion, it is noteworthy that an imminent…

Daniel_Stern_(psychologist) Retrieved September 19, 2009, from http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Daniel_Stern_%28psychologist%29

Guattari F. (1995) Chaosmosis: An Ethico-Aesthetic Paradigm, trans. Paul Bains and Julian Pefanis. Bloomington: Indiana University Press

Stern, Daniel. (1985) the interpersonal world of the infant. N.Y.: Basic Books.

Zuriff, E. (1992). Theoretical Inference and the New Psychoanalytic Theories of Infancy. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 61(1), 18-36. Retrieved September 20, 2009, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=76926326

Self in Determining What it

Do I choose things that are primarily in my best interest or do I choose based in what is best for society and then trust that the end result will be in my best interest? There are so many choices in life and I do at times become nervous about making the right choices, however, I think with the right education and spiritual guidance I will find the path that allows me to be my best self while at the same time making the world a better place for others as well as me. Like osa Parks, and countless others who daily make choices that produce change, it is those who will dare to dream of a better life, those who will risk failure, those who will make the right choices who will change themselves, their families, their businesses and organizations and yes, even their world! The ability to choose…

Here is something very refreshing indeed:

http://www.experiencedesignernetwork.com/archives/000409.html

March 3, 2000 Bush Is Catching the Spiritual Wave by Larry Kudlow

http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=OGE5NTM5YjAxMTAxYjFkMDZmNTM0NzA0NzEzNjg5MDQ=

Concept of Human Rights

Human ights Concept of human rights The concept of human rights: Defining human rights Human rights are rights that no government can deny, by virtue of a citizen being 'human.' Yet what constitutes a human right has varied greatly, depending upon the sentiments of the international community. There have always been basic, general rules of etiquette in terms of how to treat enemy soldiers during wartime and the actions of certain governments have been deemed outside of community norms throughout history, but standards of 'universal' human rights shift and change with history. The first formal declaration of human rights was made in 1948 by the UN. The definition of human rights today places limits on what governments can do to citizens -- examples of commonly-accepted human rights include the right to be free of the threat of genocide, slavery, and have the right to due process. Although the words 'human…

Nickel, James. (2010). Human rights. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved:

Concept of Ethics and Culture

Perrett, R. W., & Patterson, J. (1991). Virtue ethics and Maori ethics. Philosophy East and West, 41(2), 185-202. First Steps • The argument of the author is that the Maori Ethics is a representation of the virtue ethics as it is a representation of what one should be and not how one should act. The author alludes to Aristotle's perceptions of ethics and differentiates the concept of virtue ethics from the deontological and consequentialist theories. The concept of the self as the prime moral agent of nature is one of the main argument brought forward by the authors. • Verbatim: The main thesis of this essay is that traditional New Zealand Maori ethics is a virtue ethics. • The research question is: what type of ethics is the Maori ethics and how does it relate to the other forms of ethics described today? This question is answered using various arguments…

Self Is Difficult to Define but Usually

self" is difficult to define but usually involves the inner life of the individual, the psychological dimension of human existence as opposed to the outward, physical form. The self is conceived as a creature of consciousness, a mind capable of thought and able to engage in deliberate action. A self is capable of self-consciousness, which means it recognizes its own ability to think and to contain first-person thoughts. The question is, however, is there a Self or not, and if there is, what is its nature? This has been argued in philosophy since the time of the Greeks and has been answered differently by philosophers, religious leaders, and psychologists at different times in history. Leslie Stevenson notes that the "question of the ultimate nature of such mental states is a philosophical problem which is left open by our everyday language about them" (Stevenson 74). This common language is often challenged…

Hume: Knowledge That There Is an External World and Knowledge of the Mind." Lesson 7 (Handout).

Lavine, T.Z. From Socrates to Sartre: The Philosophic Quest. New York: Bantam, 1984.

Stevenson, Leslie. Seven Theories of Human Nature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Self in Antigone and Hamlet

Hamlet, however, is full of hesitation. He does not experience the type of confidence Antigone does and suffers because of it. These characters are not abnormal; they are exaggerated or comical in a way audiences cannot relate to them. They are uniquely human and that is why they are still popular today -- because they are real enough that audience members feel as though they have known these types of personalities before. Through these characters, the playwrights show the audience how important it is to be true to self above all else. From Creon, who loses his sense of self when he sells out to power to Hamlet, who loses his sense of self when he falls into depression, to Antigone, who gladly gives her life for what she believes, we see the power of the sense of self and the importance of how it should be respected. ork Cited…

Blits, Jan. Introduction to Deadly Thought: 'Hamlet' and the Human Soul, pp. 3-21. Lanham:

Lexington Books, 2001. Information Retrieved July 01, 2010.

Sophocles. Antigone. Three Theban Plays: Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus and Colonus.

Robert Fagles, trans. New York: Penguin Books. 1980.

Concept of Judicial Philosophy Social Security and Political Realism in the U S

Judicial Philosophy of the Supreme Court Judicial philosophy is a concept that refers to the way judges understand and interpret the law in relation to the specific cases they are handling. This concept emerges from the fact that while laws are universal and broad, they need to be applied to specific cases based on the judge's understanding and interpretation of the law as well as the unique circumstances surrounding the case. The two most common judicial philosophies of the Supreme Court are judicial activism and judicial restraint, which have influenced various cases including Gore vs. Bush (2000) and Obergefell vs. Hodges (2015). Judicial activism refers to a philosophy in which judges depart from conventional precedents to adopt new, progressive social policies whereas judicial restraint is a philosophy in which judges limit the exercise of their own authority (Bendor, 2011). Judicial activism of the Supreme Court influenced cases like Gore vs.…

Self Management in Nursing

A Concept Analysis in Behavior Management: Self-Management in Psych Nursing Introduction In nursing, when it comes to behavior management—i.e., helping individuals to alter their behavior in order to achieve a positive aim—various strategies are available. One concept of behavior management that has been handed down over generations of nursing practice is the concept of self-management. This concept analysis paper will analyze self-management by describing a history of the concept, its defining characteristics and attributes, antecedents and consequences, various cases related to the concept, empirical measurements, and recommendations following a discussion of the analysis. Aims and Purposes of Analysis Aims The aims of this analysis are: 1) to obtain better understanding of a concept; 2) to obtain clarity in terms of what the concept means and how it impacts an environment, a population, a sector, an industry or a strategy; and 3) to establish definition in terms of empirical evidence that…

Self-Efficacy in Patient Management

Discharge Education to Promote Patient Self-Efficacy Care and concern for the patient's health and well-being after being discharged from the hospital or clinic does not end for healthcare providers. Particularly for chronically ill patients, post-discharge care is more critical to ensure that in the course of the patient's daily routine and activities, all medical requirements are adhered to and all medications needed are complied with. This is why more often than not, patients receive discharge education as the healthcare provider's continuing effort to ensure that the patient and his/her family members or caregivers will be well-capacitated to continue care and treatment at home. However, the above-mentioned scenario is the ideal rather than the actual. In real life, healthcare providers are often fraught with the dilemma of patients who are constantly hospitalized or have witnessed the worsening of their patient's condition as a result of non-compliance to their medications and other…

Baker, D., D. DeWalt, D. Schillinger, V. Hawk and B. Ruo. (2011). "The effect of progressive, reinforcing telephone education and counseling vs. brief educational intervention on knowledge, self-care behaviors and heart failure symptoms." Journal of Cardiac Failure, Vol. 17, No. 10.

Barnason, S., L. Zimmerman and L. Young. (2011). "An integrative review of interventions promoting self-care of patients with heart failure." Journal of Clinical Nursing, Vol. 21.

Castelnuovo, G. (2010). "TECNOB: study design of a randomized controlled trial of a multidisciplinary telecare intervention for obese patients with type 2 diabetes." BMC Public Health, Vol. 10.

Conn, V., A. Hafdahl, S. Brown and L. Brown. (2008). "Meta-analysis of patient education interventions to increase physical activity among chronically ill adults." Patient Education Counseling, Vol. 70, No. 2.

Concept of God in Judaism and Christianity

history medical studies have concluded that prayer helps to heal the sick. Many political meetings begin with a prayer and American currency has the words "In God We Trust" imprinted on its face. Around the world God is a powerful deity and one that has historically led entire societies to make decisions based on God's word. While God has been the single deity that leads and guides societies in their decisions both on an individual and collective basis there are many different concepts of what God is and entails. Two large worldwide faiths have many similarities and differences in God and its meaning. The faith of Christianity as well as the faith of Judaism both believe in a single God. The faiths are based in the word of that God and their followers respect and revere the God of their faith. While both faiths believe in a single God there…

J.S. Spong, "A New Christianity for a New World: Why Traditional Faith is Dying & How a New Faith is Being Born," HarperSanFrancisco, (2001), Pages 37 & 38.

MOSHIACHhttp://members.aol.com/lazera/moshiach.htm

THE JEWISH CONCEPT OF THE MESSIAH

Book Review: Concept of God as shepherd is Jewish paradigm

Judaism and Christianity both have fairly common as well as totally contrasting religious concepts. In spite of the apparent differences and divisions it has to be understood that both these religions are like different streams of water merging in the ocean of god. Christianity and Judaism are both religions of abrahamic origin. There are many similarities and differences between the two religions. Since Christianity originated from Judaism, it lends to the thought that both the religions are very closely related. However, in spite of their common origin, they differ considerably in some of the important issues while at the same time exhibit resemblance in many aspects. Even the monotheistic belief, which both these religions stand for, is quantified by entirely different perception of the attributes of godhead. Similarly, in the understanding of the messianic concept there is a significant contradiction giving us a hint of the vastly different nature of…

1) Tracey R. Rich, "Moshiach: The Messiah," Accessed on May 23rd, 2003

http://www.jewfaq.org/moshiach.htm

2) Catholic Encyclopaedia, "original Sin," accessed on May 23rd, 2003 http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11312a.htm

3) Jono, " Different sects of Judaism," Accessed on May 23rd, 2003, http://members.aol.com/bagelboyj/reports/sects.html

Research Paper

Family and Marriage

Self-concept is the mental image or idea that I have of myself and my strengths, weaknesses and status such as self-image. These are the whole set of opinions, attitudes…

If he has good self-concept, he will see the feedback as a chance to weigh things, impove self and deepen his self-undestanding. Howeve, if he has othewise, he may…

Internalizing the views of others results in a failure to take risks, like the hypothetical case of 'Myrtle' who refused to learn how to drive because she believed what…

In one case you please the boss in the other you don't, but in both cases you demonstrate a disregard for the wishes of your loved ones. Scenario Three:…

Health - Nursing

b. Nurse Nurses are the facilitators of health. They work both with the patients and all types of physicians or healthcare providers to ensure that the needed healthcare and/or…

Self-Concept and Presentation to Prospective Employers Why is understanding yourself important in your career development? In general, those who find careers within their natural interests and abilities are more…

The first is the case of "imitation," wherein the individual sees similarities in his/her social environment that this reinforces his/her self-concept or desired image (i.e., the image desired is…

My self-concept and perceptions influence my interpersonal communication in a variety of ways. First, my style of dress is a reflection of my self-concept and communicates in fashion how…

Self-Concept Maintenance The level of individuals' self-esteem can have an enormous effect on their performance and behaviors in the workplace. People with high levels of self-esteem will likely be…

Personal Self-Concept: I think that I am a fairly confident person who wants to do my best in the nursing profession and can do so given the particular range…

My self-concept is that I am a good friend and a good person. I try to set a good example for my friends and family on how a person…

Although I would certainly want to address all the principles of communication to improve interpersonal relationships, one principle of communication that I can work on immediately is practicing. “Interpersonal…

Self and Social Psychology Social psychology is a relatively new field of study in modern science. Its focus is on the identity of the "Self" -- the sense of…

). As a top manager, the person possesses three distinct categories of self-efficacy beliefs (Yun, 2007). These are his individual participant's abilities, his team's capabilities, and the organization's capabilities.…

Indeed, Bandura (1997) writes, "The way in which adolescents develop and exercise their personal efficacy during this period can play a key role in setting the course their life…

711). It therefore follows that if a young woman has a poor sense of self-esteem as a result of prescribed ideals about body image, then this will also affect…

The key to flexibility of motivation is intrinsically conflicting motivational structures. The self as defined by Jung is the core or central component that keeps these opposing forces operating…

Introduction

Therefore, these skills eventually become the deciding factor between the nurses either staying a nurse or leaving their career. Thus, many things are dependent on how well the nurses…

Women's Issues - Sexuality

e., physically), socially, and morally. In cognitive development, the individual learns how to think for himself/herself, and create decisions, judgments, and thoughts that are uniquely his/hers. Social development, meanwhile,…

Research Proposal

This is another weaker area I aim to work harder on - always trying to picture myself out carrying his or her burden or sharing his or her joy.…

Gang ecruitment Self-Worth and the Need to Belong Juvenile Delinquency Paper The self-help author Wayne Dyer once wrote that, "Self-worth comes from one thing…thinking that you are worthy." This…

Business - Management

Moreover, the strong correlation between confidence in peers and communication/problem understanding demonstrated that it is the confidence and ability of these co-workers that encourage members of self-managing teams to…

Self-Analysis Many people, including myself, can coast through life, without giving much thought to personal goals or planning. However, after taking this course I realized the value in thinking…

Self-egulation Issues in Children and Adolescence with ADHD, ODD, and OCD Self-regulation in children and adolescence who suffer from ADHD, ODD, and OCD (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive…

Self and Other George Herbert Mead is one of the pioneers of American philosophy as well as among the founders of Pragmatism. His work was published in several papers…

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies and Communication Does the full moon really effect one's behavior? Does Friday the 13th really deserve extra precaution? Is a Harvard professor wiser than say an Appalachian…

(Nofziger, 2001, p. 10) All sociological (subculture) theories do not blame the parents of deviant children for bad parenting, some in fact say it isn't an abundance of bad…

4.The risk of democracy vs. The rewards given by loyal company employees who feel valued. (Clark, 1999) 5. The risk of listening to the 'lower rungs' on the totem…

..then put down four qualities for each that you find most offensive" (Chopra 121). He now says to look at the list and for each trait say, "I acted…

Still, Mason indicates that the opposite is often true in public education settings, where educators, parents and institutions collectively overlook the implications of research and demands imposed by law.…

Each outside label has an affect on that individuals own conception of them, effectively rising or lowering self-image. These categories allow individuals of the same label to sometimes band…

Criminal Justice

Self-Defense One of the fundamental concepts of any free, democratic society is the idea of the individual's right to self-defense -- that one may use any means at one's…

The causes of human actions and behavior are generally sought for in the psyche of the individual or in the social environment. eferences Ewen obert B. ( 1998) An…

Biases in Person Perception-Self-Verification Biases in Self-Perception "O wad some Pow'r the giftie gie us ... To see ourselves as others see us," wrote Scotland's bard obert Burns, asserting…

Retrieved May 2, 2008, from Academic Search Premier database. This article promotes the National Year of Reading in England which was created to promote increased reading and improve literacy.…

family by applying theories, concepts and knowledge. Through the study of the theories and concepts, the study will look at how families communicate, behave, operate and will also highlight…

" Young children are more likely to benefit from tasks and activities that offer a real challenge than from those that are merely frivolous or fun." (Katz) Children can…

That is, until an infant ealizes that she is looking at heself in the mio athe than anothe baby, the concept of self cannot begin to fom (Johnston, 1996).…

Management Theory vs. Organizational Functions Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory is useful for raising awareness of the contribution between job challenge and responsibility in motivating employees toward higher productivity and employee…

12-step programs were somewhat mixed. On one hand, I have friends who say that they would never have recovered without Alcoholic's Anonymous (AA). I have never suffered an addiction…

Peer tutoring was found to be an effective tool for teaching those with learning disabilities to read (Fuchs, Fuchs, and Saenz, 2005). This research supports the use of struggling…

Book Review

Ethics / Morality

Part One: Main Ideas and Insights Critical thinking does not necessarily come naturally to people, who are subject to biases and prejudicial assumptions. According to Paul & Elder (2016),…

Self and Others The manner in which people view themselves has been shown to be an important predictor of their behavior, achievement, and physical and psychological health. There has…

Sociology - Race

Cheesman (2002) conducted a study on Karen identity in the Union of Myanmar with regards to historical and social conditions. The study found that Karen identity is a relatively…

The idea of remaining silent when faced with accusation has historical religious and legal roots. Moses teachings', transformed to written form by the ancient Talmudic law had a complete…

If a psychotherapist is used to assessing their own performance then they themselves will be that much more effective. That benefits all parties involved for patient to doctor. A…

self-Love. Not only is the phrase self-love used as synonymous with the desire of happiness, but it is often confounded with the word selfishness, which certainly, in strict propriety,…

The world changes, and we must change with the world, and that is a good thing, as talents we took for granted suddenly seem more remarkable, if we develop…

Self-Made Man and the Recipient of Divine Grace: Benjamin Franklin vs. Jonathan Edwards Despite the fact that both Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan Edwards are honored as two of the…

This could be referred to in terms of Stern's Sense of Subjective Self. As Stern notes, the child or infant becomes aware that the 'gap' that develops in the…

Mythology - Religion

Do I choose things that are primarily in my best interest or do I choose based in what is best for society and then trust that the end result…

Human ights Concept of human rights The concept of human rights: Defining human rights Human rights are rights that no government can deny, by virtue of a citizen being…

Article Review

Ethics and Morality

Perrett, R. W., & Patterson, J. (1991). Virtue ethics and Maori ethics. Philosophy East and West, 41(2), 185-202. First Steps • The argument of the author is that the…

Black Studies - Philosophy

self" is difficult to define but usually involves the inner life of the individual, the psychological dimension of human existence as opposed to the outward, physical form. The self…

Hamlet, however, is full of hesitation. He does not experience the type of confidence Antigone does and suffers because of it. These characters are not abnormal; they are exaggerated…

Political Science / Politics

Judicial Philosophy of the Supreme Court Judicial philosophy is a concept that refers to the way judges understand and interpret the law in relation to the specific cases they…

A Concept Analysis in Behavior Management: Self-Management in Psych Nursing Introduction In nursing, when it comes to behavior management—i.e., helping individuals to alter their behavior in order to achieve…

Discharge Education to Promote Patient Self-Efficacy Care and concern for the patient's health and well-being after being discharged from the hospital or clinic does not end for healthcare providers.…

history medical studies have concluded that prayer helps to heal the sick. Many political meetings begin with a prayer and American currency has the words "In God We Trust"…

Judaism and Christianity both have fairly common as well as totally contrasting religious concepts. In spite of the apparent differences and divisions it has to be understood that both…

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Self-Concept in Psychology: Definition, Development, Theories
Self-concept is how we perceive our behaviors, abilities, and unique characteristics. 1 For example, beliefs such as "I am a good friend" or "I am a kind person" are part of an overall self-concept. Other examples of self-concept include: How you view your personality traits, such as whether you are an extrovert or introvert
My Self Concept Essay Examples - Internet Public Library
My Self Concept Essay Examples 1340 Words6 Pages My Self-Concept My self-concept includes a number of different adjectives and roles, these include both good and bad things. The adjectives I use to describe myself are as follows: kind, loyal, selfish, hard working, apathetic, practical, honest, occasionally rude, and procrastinator.
Self Concept Essay Examples | WOW Essays
Example Of Essay On Self Concept Type of paper: Essay Topic: Sociology, Business, Development, Family, Students, Parents, Reflection, Success Pages: 3 Words: 750 Published: 01/04/2020 ORDER PAPER LIKE THIS Self concept is the way we perceive ourselves and to some extent it may refer to our thoughts.
Self-Concept Analysis essay - Proessay.com
I identify my calmness through my self-comparison to other people, whom I know. In fact, I found them much more nervous and tempered than I am. Instead, I am calm and can keep the situation under control. In such a way, the comparison of myself with other people helped me to reveal my calmness.
Self Concept Essay Examples - Free Samples for Students ...
Eating habits and self control. Self-control enables people to impede or adjust their inner reactions so as to avoid detrimental behavior such as binge eating. Self-control describes one’s ability to desist…. Obesity Childhood Obesity Cognitive Psychology Food Self Concept. View full sample.
Self Concept Free Essay Example - StudyMoose
Two examples are: Adolescence In the life stage of adolescence we get the idea of self-concept from comparison with other individuals, for example peers in a class room. It is likely that you would compare how well you’ve done in a piece of work to other peers.
Self Concept Essay - College Essay Examples - My Custom Essay
Self-concept determines how does the person perceive oneself, behave, react, and communicate with others. The development of self-concept begins in the early childhood and continues throughout adolescence and early adulthood, going through important changes on every stage.
Self Concept Essays: Examples, Topics, Titles, & Outlines
Self-concept is the mental image or idea that I have of myself and my strengths, weaknesses and status such as self-image. These are the whole set of opinions, attitudes and cognitions individuals have on themselves. The paper is a response that I will examine the origins of my self-concept.