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Understanding APA Format
If you’re writing academically, chances are you’ve been tasked with writing a paper that follows APA style. Although there’s a learning curve involved with adhering to APA style, it’s possible to learn the basics so you can turn in your assignments.
What Is APA Style?
APA is the official academic style of the American Psychological Association. This style was created in 1929 when a group of professionals worked together to devise a set of style rules for scientific writing as a means of making these documents easier to read and understand.
If an assignment indicates APA style, you will need to adhere to these style rules. These guidelines ensure that your document is consistent and uniform with elements such as punctuation, headings and subheadings, abbreviations, numbers, tables and figures and citations.
Main Sections of a Document
APA style dictates the format of the main sections of a document.
The title page includes a running head, the author’s name and the school.
The abstract is a succinct summary of the document. APA style dictates that abstracts be no more than 250 words, although some instructors give leeway regarding the length.
The main body of the document is the text of the essay or report. Some reports are divided into separate sections.
Your reference section follows the body. It includes a list of references you cited in your document.
How to Reference APA Style
In-text citations appear within the text, identifying any information you cite. APA format for in-text citations includes the author’s name and the date of the publication.
The reference page always begins on a new page with the title “References” centered at the top. Include all entries in alphabetical order, and each entry’s first line begins at the left margin, and additional lines are indented. Place titles of newspapers, magazines, journals and books in italics, and double-space the reference section.
Double-check that all of your sources appear as both in-text citations and in the reference section.
Use an APA Sample Paper
An APA style example can be helpful if you’re learning this style and trying to apply it to a writing assignment. Many schools and universities maintain resource web pages with APA samples to show students how to follow this style.
More APA Tips
If you’re struggling with creating APA citations and references, use a citation machine to check your work. You simply fill in the citation and click a button, and the tool tells you if you made any errors.
Consider hiring an academic editor to check your work after you finish writing. The editor can find and correct errors to make sure your document adheres to APA.
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How Do You Write an Article Review in APA Format?
To write an article review in APA format, start by formatting the citation of the article. Read through the article and identify the standard APA sections, such as the abstract, introduction, method, study and results. An APA article ends with a discussion section. Next, read and review the text, noting if each section is covered with the appropriate content. Decide if the article presents the content in a logical progression.
Take notes on what the purpose of the article is, and whether the information presented is relevant. Include the primary argument or objective, and whether the information is comparable to other studies on the same content. Make a list of the main points from each section, and note whether any graphs, images or statistics presented are relevant or effective. Jot down the strengths or weaknesses of the article, and whether the article achieves its objective. Research any references presented in the article to ensure they are presented or formatted correctly.
Use your notes to complete a review document according to the requirements set forth by your instructor. In the conclusion, discuss whether the article is successful in advancing the field of study it is examining. If required, include a personal assessment of whether the article supports what the instructor teaches in class.
In the citation, begin with the last name and first initial of the author. Follow this with the year the author published the article in parentheses, follow by a period outside of the closing parentheses. Write out the name of the article, with the name of the journal following it in parentheses. Place the volume number next in parentheses, and the issue number in another set of parentheses. End the citation with the page numbers of the article.
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How to Write an Interview Paper in APA Format
- peachyessay
- April 27, 2021
- Blogs , General
We frequently see interviews in daily papers or magazines. During the interview, there are at least two participants – an individual who poses inquiries and the interviewee. The meeting is done to discover an individual’s assessment on a specific issue, occasion, and so on. It is likewise a decent basis for one of the scholarly tasks – an interview paper. Before you think of composing an interview exposition, it is vital to familiarize yourself with how it is done.
What is an Interview Paper?
The interview exposition’s aim is to give a particular perspective on an article, occasion, or phenomenon based on the appropriate responses of various individuals. Thus, you need to hold an interview if you need to find these solutions. After breaking down the different answers you have gotten, you ought to put together and measure them suitably and consider incorporating them into your work.
When composing an article, it is important to talk with others to get more data. How to incorporate the content of the interview shifts relying upon the style you follow for your composition. When utilizing the American Psychological Association (APA) style, your interview should either be referred to as personal communication or recorded in detail in your content. The APA interview composing format has explicit standards on how to compose an interview paper.
Here is how to compose an interview paper using APA format.
Explain the Interview
The APA design for interviews anticipates that you should clarify the reasonable motivation behind your interview. You should not utilize an interview for data that can be gotten somewhere else, like publications or online sources. Before your meeting, you ought to be acquainted with the background literature and have clear, brief inquiries prepared.
The publication does exclude an itemized or honest conversation of patient reporting bias in emergency medication.
Present Your Source
Present the subject of your meeting in text, depicting their capabilities, background, and why they are appropriate to respond to your inquiries.
I reached Jane Jones, M.D., Ph.D. for a proficient conversation of patient detailing predisposition. Dr. Jones is a specialist in the field, having practiced for a very long time and published prominent research that shows patient reporting bias.
Present the Question
Present the inquiry you posed to the interviewee while clarifying their reaction to the content of your paper. This is imperative to give the setting in which the interviewee presented facts. Be evident whether the inquiry was open-ended or close-ended
To survey the techniques used to address bias, I asked Dr. Jones through telephone, “What are the means you utilized in your examination to represent reporting bias?” I likewise requested that she talk about different predispositions that should be represented in observational investigations.
Incorporate Exact Quote
Use cites, as opposed to summarizing while referring to explicit data and realities given by the interviewee. A statement longer than 40 words should be put to the side as a block statement, as per APA style.
Dr. Jones replied, “My essential strategy for amending reporting bias is a carefully built poll in lieu of a freestyle patient meeting.”
Appropriately Cite Your Source
When referring to sources utilizing the APA format, you should consistently include an in-text reference in brackets. The reference should be incorporated straightforwardly after a statement or reworded text and incorporate the individual’s first initials, last name, “personal communication”, and date the interview occurred.
“My essential strategy for adjusting detailing inclination is a painstakingly built survey in lieu of a freestyle patient meeting.” (J. Jones, individual correspondence, April 9, 2018).
If you notice the interviewee in the content presenting the statement or summarized text, their name shouldn’t be remembered for the in-text reference.
Dr. Jones battles that a poll considers more genuineness and exactness in reporting (Personal correspondence, April 9, 2018).
APA talk with design doesn’t need a reference to the meeting in your reference list since it’s a source that can’t be found by someone else.
How to Write a Personal Interview in APA Format
List the meeting by the name of the interviewee. You may either depict all that you have gained from the interviewee utilizing a story style or leave the article being referred to as question-answer format.
As per APA style, an interview you conduct should be included on the Works Cited page. List the meeting by the name of the interviewee. Incorporate the descriptor “Personal interview” and the date of the meeting, as in the accompanying model:
Billiken, Billy. Personal interview. 1 Jan. 2020.
In the body of your paper, the interviewee’s last name ought to show up in an incidental reference where required. For instance: (Billiken).
If you meet an individual, refer to your entrance a similar way you would do to individual correspondence. You can do this in one of three different ways: email, phone, and face to face.
- Model – Email Interview Citation
Last Name of Person Who Was Interviewed, First Name. “Title of Email.” Received by the name of Person Who Received Email, Day Month Year of Email. Email Interview.
Anaya, Rudolfo. “Re: Banning of Bless Me Ultima.” Received by Jessica Carranza, 4 June 2019. Email Interview.
- Model – In-Person Interview Citation
Last Name of Person Interviewed, First Name. Meeting. By Interviewer First Name Last Name. Day Month Year of Interview.
Anaya, Rudolfo. Meeting. By Jessica Carranza. 4 June 2019.
- Model – Telephone Interview Citation
Last Name of Person Interviewed, First Name. Meeting. Day Month Year of Interview. By Interviewer First Name Last Name. Phone Interview.
Anaya, Rudolfo. Meeting. 4 June 2019. By Jessica Carranza. Phone meet.
What is an Interview Paper Writing Process?
Here is the interview paper writing process.
- Decide the motivation behind your composition. Pick a subject.
- Make a rundown of inquiries for interviewees.
- Pick individuals you need to make the participants of your meeting.
- Conduct a meeting and record every one of the appropriate responses.
- Process the outcomes you have and execute them in an ideal manner conceivable.
- Compose an interview paper based on the essay format .
Interview Essay Outline: Mapping and Formatting
Other than the fundamental pieces of your exposition, including the presentation, body, and ends, we suggest you begin setting up your paper with an interview article layout, which will show the intelligent design of your work and help you with keeping up the primary thought all through the entire paper.
Here is the interview essay outline
When you have settled on the thing you will write in every specific piece of your paper, or even before that; there is one more significant interesting point – you are to pick your meeting exposition design. There are, in any event, three principal types: narrative, conversational, and Q and A.
- Narrative : You are allowed to utilize the individual’s immediate discourse and retell their words through statements and add your own considerations. This article gives you more opportunities for investigation, and you can overlook repetitive or pointless data.
- Conversational : Its style is less strict than the others. Here you have a few choices of how to address the audience (first-or second-individual portrayal).
- Questions and answers : When composing an interview paper in Q and A design, you utilize just precise statements with no changes. Regularly such an arrangement can be found in magazines, and it is smarter to carry it out on the off chance that you have just a single interviewee.
How to Start an Interview Essay
State your Question
The presentation of a decent meeting exposition should determine what the essential inquiry you need to answer is. You should express the primary issue of your article clearly; however, attempt to make it intriguing to the audience. Pick a theme, conversation which will be energizing for your interviewee – this will give charming and uncommon answers that will make your meeting exposition better. How to compose a meeting paper presentation properly? Remember to incorporate your postulation proclamation!
The main role of an interview exposition could be to introduce a specific individual to your audience. For this situation, your postulation articulation will incorporate some foundation realities about the interviewee. If you are to dissect the thoughts of various individuals to make a foundation for your own decision, you need to express your principle address and set up your reader for what is the issue here. A refined thesis statement is, in every case, clear and justifiable. You should ensure it’s kept up suitably all through your paper. Since you realize how to compose a proposal articulation for a meeting exposition and think of an appealing presentation, it’s an ideal opportunity to move unhesitatingly to the body part of your composition.
The body of the interview paper
Your exposition may appear to be unique, relying upon the picked format. Be that as it may, there are a few general necessities you would be wise to follow. Along these lines, the body part ought to contain data got through interviews. It implies that the inquiries you will pose should be considered ahead of time, giving you more successful meeting and educational answers. If you are recording the meeting, ensure you utilize every one of the appropriate responses as they are, with no changes. If you write in a Q and A format, check the accentuation cautiously and follow the format prerequisites. If you picked a narrative format, your undertaking is to apply insightful and basic intuition effectively to utilize the got answers for supporting your own thoughts or to more readily uncover the character of the member (or members) of your meeting.
To make the body some portion of your paper really energizing, dissect the meeting insightfully. You can likewise utilize significant factual information to make your exposition very much grounded. Besides, if you have more than one member, you can contrast their answers with getting perspectives of the two specialists and everyman or to affirm or discredit your proposal proclamation. In some cases, an article that you are allocated to compose could base on the aftereffects of an assessment of public sentiment, which you are to lead. For this situation, you ought to show the number and the age gathering of the members. As should be obvious, numerous elements can influence the substance and organization of your article’s body part. Nonetheless, the fundamental principle is to be mindful and attempt to think ahead – it is the correct path to the last piece of the meeting paper – the ends.
How to End an Interview Essay Perfectly
Truth be told, you have a lot of approaches to complete your interview paper. A proper interview paper end can feature the accompanying perspectives:
Your response to the interviewees’ answers;
The impact of reactions on your own contemplations;
The solution to your initial inquiry is dependent on the meeting results;
Changes overall measurements impacted by the reactions got;
Additionally, an end can demonstrate or disprove the thought you made toward the start of your paper. The matter is it ought to be grounded and reasonable. Try not to disregard the rehashing and editing of your interview paper to keep away from some normal errors.
What is the Purpose of an Interview Essay?
Interview expositions permit you to utilize individuals as your sources as opposed to books. What is particularly useful in such a paper is that you can get a first-individual perspective regarding whether this is about an individual’s life or something wherein they are a specialist.
Such papers can be particularly significant if you write about relatives or interview individuals who do a task or action you might want to attempt yourself.
Where Can I Find Interview Essays?
These papers are recognizable to any individual who peruses a paper or magazine. While individuals frequently talk with entertainers, artists, or government officials, astounding articles can be composed by conversing with ordinary individuals. Papers that record the existence history of conventional individuals are called oral history.
How Do I Do the Interview?
Pick a Good Question: You will pose a specific inquiry about a subject of your decision to a few unique individuals. By and large, you will need to pick a doubtful subject — this implies a theme wherein there are shifting feelings.
- Pose the Inquiry and Give the Person Time to Answer and Explain : What makes this not quite the same as a study is that you will offer the individual a chance to clarify their response. Frequently the meeting works better if the inquiry poses something a great many people have an assessment on.
- Pose Follow-Up Inquiries : In attempting to get more data regarding why individuals figure out how they do on the point, you will ask follow-up inquiries. You ought not to ask the equivalent subsequent inquiries to each individual. Instead, you will let your discussion with the individual guide you as you develop more inquiries appropriate to the specific discussion.
Interview Essay Outline
- Presentation/Conclusion : Decide how you will start and finish up your exposition. Your presentation ought to incorporate the inquiry you posed. Your opening may be recommended by a portion of the remarks from your meetings, or you should depict a circumstance that causes your inquiry. For instance, in a paper about whether you would offer cash to a vagrant, you could open with a situation or tale about being drawn nearer by a lady in a parking area and concluding whether to give cash. You may likewise utilize portrayal, measurements, as well as inquiries in your opening (depict vagrants in a major city, give insights, and end with the inquiry you posed in your meeting). You could likewise start with a word reference definition, a proper reference to a film, T.V. show, or tune, or a statement.
- Body : Highlight the reasons according to order. The body of your article ought to follow the order for reasons that you set up from your notes. Make certain to cite, reword, and sum up your sources. Likewise, make certain to dissect the associations among reasons and why individuals may reach those resolutions.
- Conclusion : Your reaction. You will finish up the paper with a passage or two explainings of which perspective, as you would like to think, has the most legitimacy and why. On the off chance that none of the perspectives from your meetings agreed with your assessment, you should discuss that.
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Public Speaking: English 327: APA Sample Papers
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How to cite interviews, email, and other personal communication, quick answers—references.
- Third-party interviews: If the interview is in a form that is recoverable (e.g., a recording, transcript, published Q&A), use the reference format appropriate for the source in which the interview is available.
- Informational interviews: If you have interviewed someone for information about your topic and that person has agreed to be identified as a source, cite the source as a personal communication (in text only):
(G. Fink-Nottle, personal communication, April 5, 2011)
- Interviews of research participants: No citation is needed for remarks made by participants in the research on which you’re reporting. Do not cite these as personal communications; this would breach the participants’ guarantee of confidentiality.
Source: http://www.apastyle.org/learn/quick-guide-on-references.aspx#Interviews
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Feb 28, 2017
Interview Papers in APA Style
The APA style of writing and formatting isn’t only limited to the research papers. This style is also ideal and suggested for various other types of documents. For example, the interview papers can be created by using APA style to become more engaging for the recruiters/employers. The papers of interviews are based on the title, abstract, citations, references with the appropriate use of lower and upper case letters. The main title is included with the right alignment. However, the subtitles are not highly encouraged in this writing style for interview papers. Of course, you can use some APA citation online tools, but let us tell you more about flawless APA sample interview paper.
APA Interview Paper: When to Generate It?
The APA interview papers are developed for the candidates who look for job by replacing verbal interview. This is the best way for job more related to the writing tasks rather than communication. Once you create an interview paper, make sure that it has all the important APA elements. Although, the steps of this format is shared in instructions but keeping it in knowledge in advance can be a plus point for you.
APA Format Interview: The Useful Features
There are variety of features included in APA format interview papers. However, the standard APA format interview elements are specified spacing in margins, no numbered pages with the figures, start numbering from the title page etc. there shouldn’t be any compromise in following the APA elements of writing style. The headers and font style with size also need to be followed properly. You should leave equal spaces on all sides of a page to show the content neat to read.
Include These Things in APA Interview Letter
The APA letter of interview is comprised of many features. You can’t avoid double spacing which is mandatory in the whole paper. It is even allowed in references, quotations, headings and title. The Arabic Numerals must be used for adding headers on the top right side of the page. Whatever you write about the professional experience so far, this needs to be added in a concise manner. The titles are always written in both cases of letters. The ideal style is to keep the first letter of every word capital.
Tips to Use: How Do You Reference an Interview in APA?
The interview paper referencing is quite similar to any kind of academic research paper. You’re simply required to gather similar type of info from the used sources (journals) and add the references in the same manner. But there is a little difference in layout of the reference page. The first line of each reference must have right alignment while all the other lines should have center alignment. This is the most important point that is ignored by many newbie authors. This can explain you best how do you reference an interview in apa.
APA dissertation sample is what you exactly need for correct formatting!
Citing an Interview APA: Suggestion to Make It
The interview papers in APA style are based on format with the only text and no subtitles. The length of paragraphs varies indeed. You are required to add all the important information without losing focus from the format of APA. For citing an interview APA, every added quote or saying from other journal can be referenced in the exact way of citation in research articles. You should definitely follow the same method without considering it tough to do.
Here Is the Verdict
The procedure of writing and formatting interview papers in APA style is not quite easier. It can create trouble if you’re even going to be familiar with it for first time. You can also rely upon the reliable services for interview paper writing in APA style especially if your future is on stake because of it. it can be quite beneficial for you.
The APA sample interview paper with brilliant advice and valuable samples are all set to improve your writing skills. Read the whole article and share with others for spreading the positive word.
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Primary research involves collecting data about a given subject directly from the real world. This section includes information on what primary research is, how to get started, ethics involved with primary research and different types of research you can do. It includes details about interviews, surveys, observations, and analyses.
Interviewing is a great way to learn detailed information from a single individual or small number of individuals. It is very useful when you want to gain expert opinions on the subject or talk to someone knowledgeable about a topic.
Types of Interviewing
Several different types of interviews exist. You should choose one based on what kind of technology you have available to you, the availability of the individual you are interviewing, and how comfortable you feel talking to people.
Face to Face Interviews: Face to face interviews are when you sit down and talk with someone. They are beneficial because you can adapt your questioning to the answers of the person you are interviewing. You will need recording equipment for the interview, and it is highly recommended that you bring two recording devices with you in case one fails.
Phone Interviews: Phone interviews can be used when you need to interview someone who is geographically far away, who is too busy to meet with you to talk, or who does not want to use video or internet-based technology.
Email Interviews: Email interviews are less personal than face-to-face or phone interviews, but highly convenient for most individuals. You may not get as much information from someone in an email interview because you are not able to ask follow-up questions in the moment or play off the interviewee’s responses. However, email interviews are useful because they are already in a digital format.
Setting Up an Interview
When setting up an interview, be sure to be courteous and professional. Explain to the person being interviewed who you are, what you want to talk them about, and what project you are working on. Don’t be discouraged if not everyone you contact is willing to be interviewed.
Interview Do's and Dont's
When conducting interviews:
- Do be careful of the types of questions you ask. See the page on Creating good survey and interview questions for more information.
- Do start the interview with some small talk to give both yourself and the person you are interviewing a chance to get comfortable.
- Do bring extra recording equipment in case something happens to one of your recording devices.
- Do pay attention to what is being said during the interview and ask thoughtful follow-up questions.
- Do come to the interview prepared. You should learn as much as you can about the person you are going to interview before the interview takes place so that you can tailor your questions to them.
- Don't pester or push the person you are interviewing. If the interviwee does not want to talk about an issue, you should respect that desire.
- Don't stick to your questions rigidly. If an interesting subject comes up that relates to your research, feel free to ask additional questions about it.
- Don't allow the person you are interviewing to continually get off topic. If the conversation drifts, ask follow-up questions to redirect the conversation to the subject at hand.
Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / How to Cite an Interview in APA
How to Cite an Interview in APA
Interviews can be a extremely useful sources of information on almost any topic. Whether it be in the form of a video or an online article, this helpful guide will show you how to cite interviews for your APA-style research paper. All citations follow APA 7th edition.
Guide Overview
Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:
Citing a personal interview
Citing a published interview, interview published as an online article, interview published as youtube video, interview from a research participant, radio interview recording in a digital archive, troubleshooting.
APA reference lists only include works that can be found by the reader. As a personal interview is not published or “findable,” it should not be included in an APA reference list. Instead, a personal interview should be referenced as a parenthetical citation.
Parenthetical citation example:
(J. Smith, personal communication, May 17, 2008).
Any personal interview conducted via the following methods (and that are unpublished) can be considered personal communication:
- in-person interview
- phone interview
- text messages
- online chats
- unrecorded lectures
If you would like to include a personal interview as part of your APA reference list, then include the interviewee, the date of the interview, and the type of interview.
Interview Citation Structure:
Last name, F. (Year, Month date). Personal communication [Communication type].
Interview Citation Example:
Cloyd, A. (2014, July 29). Personal communication [Personal interview].
MacInnes, P. (2021, August 24). Ellie Simmonds: ‘I’ve found the expectations harder as I’ve got older.’ The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/aug/24/ellie-simmonds-expectations-tokyo-paralympics-interview
In-text citation, parenthetical example:
In-text citation, narrative example:
Reference list entry examples:
60 Minutes Australia. (2018, June 23). Meet the tallest man in the world [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjG6qIfoMeI
O’Brien, C. [Team Coco]. (2021, June 11). Tig Notaro full interview – CONAN on TBS [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imMsszmCdr4
Quotations from a research participant are from your original research; therefore, they are not included in the reference list or treated as personal communications. When citing a direct quotation from a participant’s interview, indicate in the text that the quotation is coming from a participant.
In-text example:
Participant “Steven” described his experience at the company as “difficult but rewarding.”
When referencing an interview that is housed in a digital or a physical archive, you must credit the interviewee as the author.
Krashen, S. (1983, May 4). The basics of writing [Interview]. USC Archive; University of Southern California. https://libraries.usc.edu/locations/special-collections-department/university-archives
Here’s a quick video overview of how to cite an interview in APA:
Solution #1: How to cite a text message or personal email in APA
Personal emails or text messages are considered forms of personal communication. Since they are unpublished and cannot be accessed by anyone else, they should not be included on the reference sheet. An in-text citation should be made indicating that it was obtained through personal communication, including the person’s name and the date that the communication happened.
(Email writer’s first initial and last name, personal communication, date message was received in Month Day, Year format)
(A. Washington, personal communication, December 10, 2021)
Solution #2: How to cite a professor’s lecture you attended in-person in APA
Unless the lecture has been recorded and published, notes and quotes collected from a lecture are considered forms of personal communication. Therefore, it does not need to be included on your reference sheet according to APA guidelines. An in-text citation should be made indicating that the information or quote was obtained through personal communication, the date it was retrieved, and the professor’s name.
In-text citation structure & example:
(Professor’s first initial and last name, personal communication, date of lecture in Month Day, Year format)
(P. Espinoza, personal communication, April 30, 2019)
If it is required to cite the lecture in the reference sheet, the entry needs to include the same information.
Reference list entry structure & example:
Professor’s last name, first initial. (Year, Month Day). Personal Communication. [Lecture]
Espinoza, P. (2019, April 30). Personal Communication. [Lecture]
If the lecture has been recorded and is available online, it must be included in the reference sheet and is no longer considered a form of personal communication.
Professor’s last name, first initial. (Year, Month Day). Lecture name. Source of publication. URL.
Espinoza, P. (2019, April 30). Mesopotamia. University of Chegg. https://example.website.here.
APA Formatting Guide
APA Formatting
- Annotated Bibliography
- Block Quotes
- et al Usage
- In-text Citations
- Multiple Authors
- Paraphrasing
- Page Numbers
- Parenthetical Citations
- Reference Page
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- View APA Guide
Citation Examples
- Book Chapter
- Journal Article
- Magazine Article
- Newspaper Article
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- View all APA Examples
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To cite an online interview, you need to know what format the interview is in. Was it an online video? An online article? A podcast? Whatever the medium (video, article, podcast, etc.), create a citation as you would normally for that medium. The author is usually the interviewer’s (or publishing company’s) name.
In-text citation template and examples:
When citing information from an interview, make it clear who the interviewee (the person being interviewed) was. If you are citing a quote, include the location of where the quote came from. That could be a page number (p. 22), paragraph number (para. 12), or timestamp (1:42).
Here is an example of a video interview on YouTube.
Author Surname or Organization (Publication Year)
Manufacturing Intellect (2020) published a video of Romney Wheeler interviewing Bertrand Russell.
Parenthetical:
(Author Surname, Publication Year)
In one interview with Romeny Wheely, the philosopher Bertrand Russell said, “I wanted to know whether there is any truth in realities known, and I thought if there was any, it’s probably in mathematics” (Manufacturing Intellect, 2020, 8:58-9:05).
Reference list entry template and example:
Author Name. (Date published). Title of the video [Format]. Video Site Name. URL
Manufacturing Intellect. (2020, July 10). A conversation with Bertrand Russell [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xL_sMXfzzyA (Original work broadcast in 1952)
An interview is a talk or an exchange of information via electronic media. An interview can be published or unpublished, depending upon the type and nature of the interview. Interviews can be any of the following types:
Published interview
Personal interview
Interview of participants in a study
Interviews appearing in newspapers, magazines, television programs, YouTube videos, podcasts, and radio broadcasting will fall under this category. Here is a template and an example of how a published interview is cited in the text:
(Author Last Name, date of interview)
(Fuller, 2018)
If you get details through emails or phone calls to make the statement in your paper effective, you need to cite them as “personal communication,” since they cannot be published. A few examples of interviews that need to be treated as personal communications include:
- interview on the telephone
- text messages or emails
(Author Last Name, personal communication, date of interview)
(Sethusankar, personal communication, December 2, 2016)
If you interview your participants as a part of your study, APA style doesn’t require you to cite them. However, follow the APA guidelines on how to present the interview of participants.
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APA Interview Citation
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Website Book Journal Interview
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How to Reference an Interview in APA
Use the following template to cite an interview using the APA citation format. We also provide style guides for the MLA and Chicago styles. To have your bibliography or works cited list automatically made for you, check out our free APA citation maker .
Once you’re finished with your citations, we can also help you with creating an APA title page .
Important Note on Personal Interviews:
- A personal interview should NOT be included in a reference list in APA. They are not considered recoverable data (they cannot be found by a researcher). You should reference personal interviews as in-text citations instead.
- Example: (J. Doe, personal communication, December 12, 2004)
That being said, there is a general structure if you want to cite a personal interview as part of your APA works cited list:
Author, A. (Year, Month Date). Interview type.
APA format example:
Marino, B. (2014, October 18). Personal Interview.
For more information on how to cite in APA, check out the APA Style Guide .
←Back to APA Citation Guide
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As per Sections 8.7 and 8.9 of the APA Publication Manual , 7 th edition, personal interviews are treated as personal communication. Since personal communication cannot be recovered by readers, APA recommends using personal communication only when a recoverable source of communication is not available.
And since personal communications cannot be recovered by readers, they are also not included in the reference list. Instead, the in-text citation for personal communication, including personal interviews, is much more detailed than other APA in-text citations.
When citing a personal interview in an in-text citation, include the first initial and surname of the person interviewed, “personal communication,” and the full date of the interview, rather than just the year.
The following templates and examples show how to cite a personal interview in an in-text citation in APA style.
Narrative citation: Interviewee’s First Initial Surname (personal communication, Month Day Year)
Parenthetical citation: (Interviewee’s First Initial Surname, personal communication, Month Day Year)
Narrative citation: A.J. Forrester (personal communication, May 9, 2014)
Parenthetical citation: (A.J. Forrester, personal communication, May 9, 2014)
Personal interviews should be treated the same way as personal communications, since neither can be recovered by readers. Since these sources cannot be retrieved, there is no need to provide an entry for them in the reference list. A personal interview should just have an in-text citation and NOT an accompanying reference list entry.
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When citing a personal interview in an in-text citation, include the first initial and surname of the person interviewed, “personal communication,” and the full