Essay On Agriculture In Pakistan In Urdu
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پاکستان میں زراعت
زراعت جس کا معیشت میں بہت بڑا کردار ہے یہ وہ شعبہ ہے جس کا تعلق زمین سے پیداوار حاصل کرنا ہے۔ پاکستان بنیادی طور پر زرعی ملک ہے جس کی پچاس فیصد آبادی دیہات میں رہتی ہے اور اس آبادی کا تمام تر دارومدار زراعت پر ہے۔ گویا پاکستان کی پچاس فیصد آبادی کو روزگار فراہم کرتی ہے۔
پاکستان کا کل رقبہ79.6ملین ایکڑ ہے۔جس میں سے 23.77ملین ایکڑ ،زراعی رقبہ ہے جو کل رقبے کا 28فیصد بنتا ہے۔اس میں سے بھی 8ملین ایکڑ رقبہ زیرِ کاشت نہ ہونے کے باعث بے کار پڑا ہے۔حالانکہ پاکستان قدرتی وسائل سے مالا مال ہے۔اس کے ساتھ ساتھ اس کا ماحول اور موسم بھی زراعت کے لئے بہترین زونز کی حیثیت رکھتے ہیں ۔اس طرح پاکستان میں ہمہ قسم کی غذائی اشیاء کی پیداواری صلاحیت موجود ہے۔اس کی 75 فیصد سے زاید آبادی زراعت کے پیشے سے وابستہ ہے۔ ملک کی مجموعی قومی پیداوار میں زراعت کا حصہ 21 فیصد ہے۔ یہ شعبہ ملک کے 45فیصد لوگوں کے روزگار کا ذریعہ ہے۔زراعت کا شعبہ لوگوں کو خوراک اورصنعتوں کو خام مال(raw materials) کی فراہمی میں بنیادی حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔ پاکستانی برآمدات سے حاصل ہونے والے زرِ مبادلہ(exchanges) کا 45 فیصد زرعی تجارت سے حاصل ہوتا ہے۔ پاکستان میں پیدا ہونے والی کپاس، گندم، گنا اور چاول کی فصل بیرونی منڈیوںمیں خاص اہمیت رکھتی ہے اور ملک ان فصلوں کی بدولت قیمتی زرمبادلہ حاصل کرتا ہے۔ اس کے باوجود ملکی زرعی شعبے کی ترقی کی رفتار نہایت سست ہے۔ ہمارے مقابلے میں دنیا کے دیگر ملک زیادہ پیداوار دے رہے ہیں۔ اگر زرعی ترقی میں حائل رکاوٹوں پر غور کیا جائے تو کئی وجوہات سامنے آتی ہیں۔ہمارے کسان مہنگائی کے بوجھ تلے پھنسے جارہے ہیں، کھاد نہ صرف مہنگی ہو رہی ہے بلکہ کاشت کے دنوں میں ناپید ہو جاتی ہے، دیگر زرعی لوازمات بھی ڈیزل اور مٹی کے تیل کی قیمتوں میں اضافے کے باعث مہنگے ہو رہے ہیں۔
حالیہ دنوں میں یوریا کھاد کی اوسط قیمت 1616 جبکہ ڈی اے پی کی اوسط قیمت 4046 روپے فی50 کلوگرام سے بھی زیادہ ہو گئی۔ ہماری حکومت نے زرعی ٹیکس اور دیگر کئی صورتوں میں زرعی اشیاءکو شدید مہنگا کر دیا ہے۔ غریب پہلے مہنگائی کی وجہ سے سبزی کھانے پر ترجیح دیتا تھا مگر اب وہ بھی مہنگائی کے باعث غریبوں کی پہنچ سے دور ہو رہی ہے۔ موجودہ حالات میں کسان کھیتی باڑی کی بجائے اپنی زرعی زمینیں فروخت کرکے شہروں میں منتقل ہو رہے ہیں۔ اگر یہی حالات رہے تو ملکی زرعی صورتحال مکمل طور پر ٹھپ ہو جائے گی۔
زراعت خود کفالت کا بہترین ذریعہ ہے۔ زرعی شعبہ ملک کی آبادی کو خوراک مہیا کرتا ہے اور یہی پاکستان کی آبادی کی روزگار کا سب سے بڑا ذریعہ ہے اور پاکستان کی زرعی حکمت عملی میں خود کفالت کے اصولوں کو مرکزی حیثیت حاصل ہے۔
زراعت پاکستان کے لئے ایک جڑ کی حیثیت رکھتی ہے لیکن زرعی شعبے کا حصہ ہماری معیشت میں کم ہو تا جا رہا ہے۔ اس وقت ملک کی جی ڈی پی میں زراعت کا حصہ تقریباََ 18 فیصد ہے۔اس کے علاوہ جی ڈی پی میں 20 فیصد انڈسٹری اور 60 فیصد سروسز کا حصہ ہے۔ ملک کی آبادی کا بڑا حصہ زرعی شعبے سے وابستہ ہے اور زراعت ان کے روزگار کا اہم جزو ہے۔ اس وقت ملک کو جو سب سے بڑا چیلنج درپیش ہے وہ پانی ہے۔ پانی کا مسئلہ حل کرنے کے لیے ہمیں اقدامات کرنے کی ضرورت ہے۔ پانی کی قلت کے باعث کاشت کاروں کو فصلوں کی کاشت میں مسائل کا سامنا کرنا پڑتا ہے جس کے باعث ہر آنے والے سال میں یا تو فصلوں کی پیداوار میں کمی آرہی ہے یا پھر فصلوں کی کوالٹی متاثر ہو رہی ہے۔ اچھی فصل کے حصول کے لیے مناسب اور بروقت پانی بہت زیادہ ضروری ہے۔
ہمارے کاشتکار اور کسانوں کی اکثریت غیر تعلیم یافتہ ہے اور انہیں جدید طریقوں سے آگاہی حاصل نہیں ہے۔ انھیں جراثیم کش ادویات کے استعمال، معیاری بیجوں کے انتخاب اورمصنوعی کھاد کے مناسب استعمال کے بارے میں زیادہ علم نہیں ہے۔اس کا نتیجہ یہ ہے کہ ان کی فی ایکڑ پیداوار ملک کی ضروریات کے لحاظ سے بہت کم ہے۔ وہ کاشتکاری کے صرف ان روایتی طریقوں پر یقین رکھتے ہیں جو انھوں نے اپنے بزرگوں سے سیکھے ہیں۔ نئی اور جدید ٹیکنولوجی کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے کسان بہتر پیداوار حاصل کر سکتے ہیں مگر اس کے لئے کسانوں اور کاشتکاروں کو آگاہ کرنے کی ضرورت ہے۔ اور زراعت کے شعبہ کی ترقی کے سلسلہ میں بہتر اقدامات کیے جائیں اور سیلاب کی صورتحال کے پیش نظر ایسی حکمت عملی بنائی جائے جس سے ان علاقوں کو محفوظ رکھا جاسکے جو زیر کاشت ہیں ڈیم کا بننا ہمارے لیےاس وقت اشد ضروری ہے کیونکہ اس سے سیلاب کو کافی حد تک روکا جا سکتا ہے اور پانی کو سٹور کیا جا سکتا ہے۔
اگر حکومت زراعت کے شعبہ کی اہمیت کے پیشِ نظر ،اس کو اپنی ترجیحات میں شامل کرلے اور اس کے گوناں گوں مسائل پر توجہ دے تو یہ بآسانی حل ہو سکتے ہیں۔ اس سے زراعت کا شعبہ دن دوگنی اور رات چوگنی ترقی کرے گا۔ یوں پاکستا ن خوشحال ہوگا اور اس کے عوام آسودہ ہوں گے۔پاکستان قدرتی وسائل سے مالا مال ملک ہے۔ اس کو اللہ تعالیٰ نے وافر افرادی قوت سے بھی نوازا ہے جو باصلاحیت اور ہنر مند ہے۔کمی، صرف باہمت اور پُر عزم قیادت کی ہے۔جو دیانتدار ہو اور پاکستان سے مخلص بھی ہو۔ پاکستان واحد ملک ہے جہاں زرعی آلات پر ٹیکس عائد ہے۔
حکومت نے اپنے فیصلوں میں زراعت کو کبھی ترجیحی طور پر نہیں لیا۔اس لئے یہ شعبہ حکومتی عدم دلچسپی کا شکار ہے۔حکومت کو زراعت کی ترقی کے لئے انفراسٹرکچر پر توجہ دینی چاہئے۔ ہمارا ملک زراعت کے شعبے میں جب ہی ترقی کر سکتا ہے جب حکومت خود نیک نیتی سے زرعی شعبے کی ترقی پر توجہ دے اور زرعی ترقی کے لئے اقدامات کرے۔
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Agriculture Urdu Essay Importance Of Agriculture In Pakistan In Urdu Note Agriculture Speech
Agriculture essay in urdu agriculture importance in pakistan agriculture ki ahmiyat (zarat), zarai shoba mulki sanaton ki bunyad, rozgar ki farahmi, zare mubadla ka zariya, khud kafalat ka zariya, mayar e zindagi par asar.
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Ioat enabled smart farming: urdu language-based solution for low-literate farmers.
1. Introduction
1.1. rationale, 1.2. objectives and hypotheses.
- Investigated traditional techniques and systems with different agricultural interfaces to find a research gap.
- Design and develop an interface in an easy-to-use format and Urdu for low-literate farmers to facilitate their awareness and guidelines in their native language.
- Design and develop a mechanism for measuring soil fertility of specific land to recommend suitable crops according to soil fertility using fuzzy logic.
- Provide crops cultivation schedule, crop harvest schedule, automated irrigation process, and watering guidelines to farmers.
- Facilitate farmers concerning guidelines for weeds and their eradication, pest attacks, and awareness of best pesticides, crop diseases, and suitable fertilizers.
2. Materials and Methods
Proposed system design and architecture, 3. results and discussion, 3.1. system components and expected outcomes, 3.1.1. soil nutrient analysis.
- Soluble metals, especially Manganese and Aluminum, may be toxic.
- The population of organisms and their activities accountable for transforming N, P, and S to plant-available forms may be reduced.
- Deficiency of Calcium. The soil’s cation exchange capacity (CEC) is low.
- Symbiotic N fixation in legume crops is significantly impaired. The symbiotic association entails a narrower range of soil reactions than does the growth of plants not relying on ‘N’ fixation.
- Acidic soil with less organic matter is poorly aggregated and has poor tilt.
- The availability of mineral elements in soil may be affected. Association between soil pH and nutrient availability to plants can be depicted in Figure 3 . The wider the blue bar, the greater the nutrient availability. For example, for a pH range of 5.5–7.5, the availability of P is highest and drops below 5.5. If the soil pH is 6, an amount of P applied to it will be more available than if the same amount is used in soil with a pH less than 5.5. Soil with high pH (>7.4) reduces several nutrients such as Fe, Mn, Zn, and P, which is not economical for growing agronomic crops.
3.1.2. Crops Recommendation
3.1.3. land preparation and cultivation, 3.1.4. irrigation, 3.1.5. crops disease prevention and cure, 3.1.6. pest and weed control, 3.1.7. fertilizing, 3.1.8. harvesting and storing, 3.2. discussion, 4. conclusion, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.
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Share and Cite
Cheema, S.M.; Ali, M.; Pires, I.M.; Gonçalves, N.J.; Naqvi, M.H.; Hassan, M. IoAT Enabled Smart Farming: Urdu Language-Based Solution for Low-Literate Farmers. Agriculture 2022 , 12 , 1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081277
Cheema SM, Ali M, Pires IM, Gonçalves NJ, Naqvi MH, Hassan M. IoAT Enabled Smart Farming: Urdu Language-Based Solution for Low-Literate Farmers. Agriculture . 2022; 12(8):1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081277
Cheema, Sehrish Munawar, Muhammad Ali, Ivan Miguel Pires, Norberto Jorge Gonçalves, Mustahsan Hammad Naqvi, and Maleeha Hassan. 2022. "IoAT Enabled Smart Farming: Urdu Language-Based Solution for Low-Literate Farmers" Agriculture 12, no. 8: 1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081277
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agricultural economics , study of the allocation, distribution, and utilization of the resources used, along with the commodities produced, by farming. Agricultural economics plays a role in the economics of development , for a continuous level of farm surplus is one of the wellsprings of technological and commercial growth.
In general, one can say that when a large fraction of a country’s population depends on agriculture for its livelihood, average incomes are low. That does not mean that a country is poor because most of its population is engaged in agriculture; it is closer to the truth to say that because a country is poor, most of its people must rely upon agriculture for a living.
Agriculture and economic development
As a country develops economically, the relative importance of agriculture declines. The primary reason for that was shown by the 19th-century German statistician Ernst Engel , who discovered that as incomes increase, the proportion of income spent on food declines. For example, if a family’s income were to increase by 100 percent, the amount it would spend on food might increase by 60 percent; if formerly its expenditures on food had been 50 percent of its budget, after the increase they would amount to only 40 percent of its budget. It follows that as incomes increase, a smaller fraction of the total resources of society is required to produce the amount of food demanded by the population.
That fact would have surprised most economists of the early 19th century, who feared that the limited supply of land in the populated areas of Europe would determine the continent’s ability to feed its growing population. Their fear was based on the so-called law of diminishing returns : that under given conditions an increase in the amount of labour and capital applied to a fixed amount of land results in a less-than-proportional increase in the output of food. That principle is a valid one, but what the classical economists could not foresee was the extent to which the state of the arts and the methods of production would change. Some of the changes occurred in agriculture; others occurred in other sectors of the economy but had a major effect on the supply of food.
In looking back upon the history of the more developed countries, one can see that agriculture has played an important part in the process of their enrichment. For one thing, if development is to occur, agriculture must be able to produce a surplus of food to maintain the growing nonagricultural labour force . Since food is more essential for life than are the services provided by merchants or bankers or factories, an economy cannot shift to such activities unless food is available for barter or sale in sufficient quantities to support those engaged in them. Unless food can be obtained through international trade , a country does not normally develop industrially until its farm areas can supply its towns with food in exchange for the products of their factories.
Economic development also requires a growing labour force. In an agricultural country most of the workers needed must come from the rural population. Thus agriculture must not only supply a surplus of food for the towns, but it must also be able to produce the increased amount of food with a relatively smaller labour force. It may do so by substituting animal power for human power or by gradually introducing labour-saving machinery.
Agriculture may also be a source of the capital needed for industrial development to the extent that it provides a surplus that may be converted into the funds needed to purchase industrial equipment or to build roads and provide public services.
For those reasons, a country seeking to develop its economy may be well advised to give a significant priority to agriculture. Experience in the developing countries has shown that agriculture can be made much more productive with the proper investment in irrigation systems, research, fertilizers , insecticides , and herbicides .
Fortunately, many advances in applied science do not require massive amounts of capital, although it may be necessary to expand marketing and transportation facilities so that farm output can be brought to the entire population.
One difficulty in giving priority to agriculture is that most of the increase in farm output and most of the income gains are concentrated in certain regions rather than extending throughout the country. The remaining farmers are not able to produce more and actually suffer a disadvantage as farm prices decline. There is no easy answer to that problem, but developing countries need to be aware of it; economic progress is consistent with lingering backwardness, as has been seen in parts of southern Italy or in the Appalachian area of the United States .
One characteristic of undeveloped peasant agriculture is its self-sufficiency. Farm families in those circumstances consume a substantial part of what they produce. While some of their output may be sold in the market, their total production is generally not much larger than what is needed for the maintenance of the family. Not only is productivity per worker low under those conditions, but yields per unit of land are also low. Even where the land was originally fertile, the fertility is likely to have been depleted by decades of continuous cropping. The available manures are not sufficient, and the farmers cannot afford to purchase them elsewhere.
Peasant agriculture is often said to be characterized by inertia. The peasant farmer is likely to be illiterate, suspicious of outsiders, and reluctant to try new methods; food patterns remain unchanged for decades or even centuries. Evidence, however, suggests that the apparent inertia may be simply the result of a lack of alternatives . If there is nothing better to change to, there is little point in changing. Moreover, the self-sufficient farmer is bound to want to minimize risks; since a crop failure can mean starvation in many parts of the world, farmers have been reluctant to adopt new methods if doing so would expose them to greater risks of failure.
The increased use worldwide of high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat from the 1960s showed that farmers were willing and able to adopt new crops and farming methods when their superiority was demonstrated. Those high-yielding varieties, however, required increased outlays for fertilizer, as well as expanded facilities for storage and distribution, and many developing countries were unable to afford such expenditures.
As economic development proceeds, a large proportion of the farm labour force must shift from agriculture into other pursuits. That fundamental shift in the labour force is made possible, of course, by an enormous increase in output per worker as agriculture becomes modernized. That increase in output stems from various factors. Where land is plentiful, the output per worker is likely to be higher because it is possible to employ more fertilizer and machinery per worker.
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زراعت جس کا معیشت میں بہت بڑا کردار ہے یہ وہ شعبہ ہے جس کا تعلق زمین سے پیداوار حاصل کرنا ہے۔ پاکستان بنیادی طور پر زرعی ملک ہے جس کی پچاس فیصد آبادی دیہات میں
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