essay on democracy for css

Essay on “Role of Judiciary in a Democratic Society” for CSS, PMS, and Judiciary Exam

• April 11, 2021
• Essay for CSS PMS and Judiciary Exam

Here you will find the Essay on “Role of Judiciary in a Democratic Society” for CSS, PMS, and Judiciary Exam.  The Judiciary plays a vital role in the growth of any country’s justice delivery system. Without a proper justice system, no state can survive. So, In this essay, you will find the role of the judiciary in a democratic society.

Essay on “Role of Judiciary in a Democratic Society”

Pakistan has a highly developed judicial system with the Supreme Court having plenary powers to make an order for doing complete justice in any cause or matter and a mandate in the Constitution, to all authorities, Civil and Judicial, in the territory of Pakistan to act in aid of the Supreme Court. The scope of Writ Jurisdiction of the High Courts is wider than traditionally understood and the judiciary is separate and independent of the executive to ensure impartiality in the administration of justice .

The judiciary has a central role to play in this thriving democracy and shuns arbitrary executive action. The higher judiciary has been empowered to pronounce upon the legislative competence of the law-making bodies and the validity of a legal provision. The range of judicial review recognized in the higher judiciary in Pakistan is the wisest and most extensive known to any democratic setup in the world.

The importance of the Judiciary in a democratic setup for the protection of personal and proprietary rights can hardly be overestimated. The principal function of the Judiciary is to provide legal remedies against infringement of personal 2nd property rights of a person.

The intellectual property rights for their effectiveness depend upon the speed with which they can be enforced by the courts. The statutory provisions provide only a medium of direction as regards the nature of remedies and the procedure for safeguarding them, leaving a large extent of free play within the province of judges.

In the cacophony of voices decrying the principle of judicial independence and branding judges as activists, is a clarion call. While it is proper and indeed healthy to debate and criticize judicial opinions or developments in the Rule of Law, this exercise is not constructive when it is fueled by a lack of knowledge or understanding of the subject. . Insiders, whether judges, lawyers, or law students, often find themselves providing the most basic lessons to family members and friends. We are thus called to educate those voices and those who heed those voices.

Our nation is largely illiterate in matters of civics and government, and particularly so in matters concerning the judicial system. There are many erroneous assumptions and a host of misperceptions that underlie much of the criticism lodged against the judiciary. One need only survey the radio airwaves, the press releases of members of the executive or legislative branches, and the content of news and opinion pieces in various media to identify wrong assumptions and perceptions. Among the more common assumptions are these:

• Judges decide cases in accordance with their ideology or political allegiance.
• The Judges decide cases in accordance with their personal or financial interests.
• Judges favor certain individuals or classes of litigants.
• All Judges usurp the legislative role and the will of the populace by creating laws.
• Judicial independence accords judge the latitude to subvert the will of the people and the authority of the legislature without accountability.
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By the People: Essays on Democracy

Harvard Kennedy School faculty explore aspects of democracy in their own words—from increasing civic participation and decreasing extreme partisanship to strengthening democratic institutions and making them more fair.

Winter 2020

By Archon Fung , Nancy Gibbs , Tarek Masoud , Julia Minson , Cornell William Brooks , Jane Mansbridge , Arthur Brooks , Pippa Norris , Benjamin Schneer

The basic terms of democratic governance are shifting before our eyes, and we don’t know what the future holds. Some fear the rise of hateful populism and the collapse of democratic norms and practices. Others see opportunities for marginalized people and groups to exercise greater voice and influence. At the Kennedy School, we are striving to produce ideas and insights to meet these great uncertainties and to help make democratic governance successful in the future. In the pages that follow, you can read about the varied ways our faculty members think about facets of democracy and democratic institutions and making democracy better in practice.

Explore essays on democracy

Archon fung: we voted, nancy gibbs: truth and trust, tarek masoud: a fragile state, julia minson: just listen, cornell william brooks: democracy behind bars, jane mansbridge: a teachable skill, arthur brooks: healthy competition, pippa norris: kicking the sandcastle, benjamin schneer: drawing a line.

Get smart & reliable public policy insights right in your inbox. 

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CSS 2022 Solved Essay | Digital Democracy: Social Media and Public Participation | CSS and PMS Solved Essays by Sir Syed Kazim Ali Students

Maleeha Sattar has attempted the essay “ Digital Democracy: Social Media and Public Participation ” on the given pattern, which Sir  Syed Kazim Ali  teaches his students. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan’s top English writing and CSS, PMS essay and precis coach with the highest success rate of his students. The essay is uploaded to help other competitive aspirants learn and practice essay writing techniques and patterns.

1- Introduction

• ✓Technology, indeed, advancing and improving worldwide with its diverse field of novelty
• ✓Forming digital spaces, like Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn, etc., broadly encouraging the politically aware public to articulate their views openly while experiencing their freedom of expression right
• ✓Public participation changing the picture of democracy by making it more digital and strengthening it via using social media platforms across the globe
• ✓Therefore, the leader-voter bond formation, youth’s indulgence in welfare activities lessening leaders’ burden, and promulgation of transparency via e-governance initiatives by using digital tools, conjointly giving rise to digital democracy across the boards

2- Debunking the term ‘Digital Democracy’ from the broader perspective

3- How has public participation strengthened digital democracy via social media?

• Case in point:   According to the PEW Research Center, “74pc of the adults in the United States (US) who use social media platforms get news from them”, highlighting the role of social media in disseminating information
• Case in point: The mobilization and activism by people, physically and digitally, to support social causes in the form of movements, like the Arab Spring, Me Too and Black Lives Matter movements, to flourish digital democracy at all fronts is a glaring example of the case
• Case in point: The hashtag “MyCultureMyPride” has aided people on social media platforms, like YouTube and Instagram, to represent their cultures by sharing their cultural videos and pictures, further strengthening pluralism across the boards
• Case in point: According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “White House utilizes social media platforms to engage citizens in discussions and gathers public input on policy issues.”
• Case in point: The online campaigns on social media platforms by infuriated public in the Zainab rape case, helping in the formation of the child abuse and rape-related laws in Pakistan, bolstering the power of digital democracy in the country
• Case in point: The enhanced usage of Twitter accounts by the leaders, like all Pakistan’s political parties’ prominent leaders, showing their online presence, helping them disseminate their parties’ ideology among the masses
• Case in point: According to the United Nations, Coronavirus related updates, the organization has highlighted ten young people’s names from all over the world led the coronavirus response by developing their digital communities to tackle and control the spread of the pandemic at that time
• Case in point: According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) report, “Those countries that focus on e-governance initiatives for development projects have seen improvement in their democracy indexes, along with the enhanced public participation.”

4- Case studies of different countries where public participation has strengthened digital democracy via social media

• ✓ Case study of Taiwan
• ✓ Case study of the US
• ✓ Case study of Pakistan

5- Critical Analysis

6- Conclusion

 Technology has advanced and improved worldwide with its diverse field of novelty. Additionally, the revolutionization of the modes of communication and masses’ interaction in the digital age with the advancements in social media platforms has changed the landscape of countries’ democratic processes and, thus, governing patterns. Indeed, forming digital spaces like Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn, etc., has encouraged the politically aware public to articulate their views openly while experiencing their freedom of expression broadly. Consequently, public participation has changed the picture of democracy by making it more digital and strengthening it via using social media platforms across the globe. Looking at the intense magnitude of digital democracy in today’s world, civic engagement by using social media has enlarged the information pool for the masses, shaped their opinion towards their leaders and promulgated digital democracy, particularly. Besides this, social media’s activism and cultural assimilation practices, by people, have also contributed to the flourishing digital democracy on all fronts. Despite engaging citizens in decision-making procedures, political accountability via online campaigns has also lessened the trust deficit between the public and stakeholders, fostering digital democracy in societies. Therefore, the leader-voter bond formation, youth’s indulgence in welfare activities reducing leaders’ burden, and promulgation of transparency via e-governance initiatives by using digital tools, conjointly, have given rise to digital democracy across the boards. This essay highlights how public participation has strengthened digital democracy via social media.

Before jumping towards the maxim of how public participation has strengthened digital democracy via social media, the understanding of the term ‘Digital Democracy’ in the broader perspective holds the greatest importance. Indeed, the jargon encapsulates the concept denoting the introduction of digital infrastructures in the organizations’ structure via reforms to establish a more effective and unrestricted democratic setup, building the collective government body best suited for the efficient conduct of the current state of affairs. Speaking in a neutral vein, digital democracy has become a significant factor in the social media age, as it promulgates transparency in the institutions by empowering the citizen-to-citizen contact at large. Moreover, it helps incorporation and inclusion of different ideas and viewpoints in the overall functioning of the government system and gives rise to a new form of business-oriented teamwork-based environment in the system, along with technology-led public management skills of the leaders at length.

Talking about the maxim of how public participation has strengthened digital democracy via social media, it, in fact, has increased civic engagement for access to information on social media platforms, greatly influencing and shaping public opinion. For instance, according to the PEW Research Center, “74 per cent of the adults in the United States (US) who use social media platforms get news from them”, highlighting the role of social media in the dissemination of information related to the ongoing events at the global front. As a result, they build their opinion and act accordingly for the promulgation of democracy in their respective domains on the basis of that information. Thus, the elevated level of public participation has helped foster digital democracy in the countries through the productive use of social media.

In addition, creating awareness among the masses for the achievement of basic human rights also strengthens digital democracy via the use of social media. Indeed, it has shown in the mobilization and activism by people, physically and digitally too, to support social causes in the form of movements, like the Arab Spring, Me Too and Black Lives Matter movements, to flourish digital democracy at all fronts is a glaring example of the case. In this way, they could make public officials aware of the sentiments of the downtrodden segments of society. And via activism, they could seek social justice in all directions, which is necessary for the promotion of digital democracy worldwide.

Besides, the public actively participates in the fostering of cultural diversity via social media platforms, which is mandatory for flourishing digital democracy in all domains. For instance, the hashtag “MyCultureMyPride” has aided people on social media platforms, like YouTube and Instagram, to represent their cultures by sharing their cultural videos and pictures, further strengthening pluralism across the boards. By doing this, virtual people-to-people contact via social media enhances, and the public becomes a capable force that could overthrow power centralization in all political spheres. As a result, digital democracy takes its toll in full swing and negates all authoritative, feudal practices broadly.

Apart from it, active public participation with the productive use of social media platforms has compelled political heads of the states to engage citizens in discussions related to policymaking. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “The White House utilizes social media platforms to engage citizens in discussions and gathers public input on policy issues.” It clearly shows that government institutes, by following the general will principles, also contribute to the advancement of digital democracy by including active and responsible citizens in decision-making. Therefore, digital democracy has smoothened due to the social media platforms in today’s world.

Likewise, the public’s active participation through the usage of social media in the online campaign’s form has also reinforced the political accountability of the officials. Such as the online campaigns on social media platforms that infuriated the public in the Zainab rape case, helping in the formation of child abuse and rape-related laws in Pakistan, and bolstering the power of digital democracy in the country. After accomplishing this, child abuse has ceased for a longer period of time in Pakistan, and consequently, the incident has helped in bridging the gap between the public and stakeholders. Hence, public participation has helped maintain a transparency level in the country, furthering digital democracy with the help of social media.

Similarly, the zestful usage of social media by political leaders has boosted their one-on-one interaction with their vigilant voter diaspora . Illustratively, the enhanced usage of Twitter accounts by the leaders, like all of Pakistan’s political parties’ prominent leaders, shows their online presence, helping them disseminate their parties’ ideology among the masses. In return, the public, influenced by their views, supports them blindly in the electoral campaigns and rallies. In this manner, they openly demand them in office as their representative running the government functions for the effective development of digital democracy in the country.

 Moving ahead towards another justification proving the maxim, the augmented youth efforts during crisis situations using digital tools have kicked the digital democracy’s gradients upstairs. According to the United Nations coronavirus-related updates, the organization has highlighted ten young people’s names from all over the world who led the coronavirus response by developing their digital communities to tackle and control the spread of the pandemic at that time. Due to their diligent participation, the countries’ leaders were capable of tackling the birth of new evils and focusing on the achievement of Sustainable Development’s seventeen goals (17 SDGs) with a collective efforts strategy instead of a man show. Hence, vigilant public participation helps elevate the digital democracy rates via using social media.

Last but not least, the masses’ social involvement has stimulated the effectiveness of e-governance, giving rise to digital democracy in the contemporary world. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) report, “Those countries that focus on e-governance initiatives for their multidimensional development, along with the enhanced public participation, have seen improvement in their democracy indexes.” By analyzing the facts, the countries’ people actively participate and gain information from their governance portals and question the validity of the officials’ actions, too, as they have the right to information as an accountability card for the enhancement of their country’s institutional transparency. Therefore, public participation indeed aids in strengthening digital democracy via social media.

The above discussion could be emboldened by giving examples of some developing countries where public participation has strengthened digital democracy via social media. The very first one in the row is the case study of the country Taiwan. Without any doubt, the country’s officials have developed the e-petition platform to include its citizens in decision-making. As a result, the empowered youth have actively taken part in the resolution of the Uber, a ride-sharing app, issue , further enhancing their consensus and participation in the country’s legal working and app launching activities. Thus, Taiwan’s public involvement has invigorated the country’s digital democracy through social media platforms.

Second, the United States also explains the strength of civic engagement by proactively using social media platforms, which has augmented digital democracy in the country. Delineating their citizens’ activity, the masses have actively used social media platforms during the US’s 2016 elections . In fact, they have shown their sentiments via slogan raising and hashtag development on their Twitter accounts to dominate their allegiance to their leaders. Through their online voting system, they have also ensured transparency in the voter turnout rates. Therefore, digital democracy has been raised to its height via social media in the country by the public.

Lastly, Pakistan’s case study has significantly outlined the increasing support of digital democracy by the public’s social media using capacity in the current global environment, which can be gauged by the availability ratio of the internet in the country. According to the Digital Pakistan report (2022), “61 million people out of 220 million population are internet users.” It clearly shows that the public has enthusiastically used social media platforms to raise their concerns and get connected with their leaders, the necessary element in the promulgation of digital democracy in the country’s multiple domains. Hence, the public’s interest has compelled the officials to ensure democracy in the country in today’s social media age.

In a critical diagnosis, digital democracy, standing on the pillars of social media platforms, has undoubtedly been promulgated by productive public participation. Speaking in a positive manner, the concept has gained so much popularity among the masses that it helps foster diverse perspectives in societies and encourages people to work collectively in a win-win situation instead of relying on self-help. However, the enhanced public participation that has strengthened digital democracy via social media could be proved as a double-edged sword in the coming future in the form of propaganda games, further raising prisoner’s dilemma for the future world order. But for now, social engagement has always borne fruits for society by boosting digital democracy in a positive way, paving the countries’ way towards development.

In conclusion, using social media platforms actively by the global citizens in the global village has raised the standards of democracy in the twenty-first century. Surely, the inclusion of digital telecommunication tools in the government structure has raised the living standards of the masses and ensured the active accountability of the leaders holding public offices. Furthermore, it also helped the masses become well aware of their rights and their timely dispensation, boosting the levels of digital democracy and taking it to an advanced level. In the end, digital democracy by using social media has strengthened due to the continuous struggle of the public, seeking pluralism by accepting diversity at all fronts. 

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Digital democracy: social media and political participation [CSS 2022]

Essay on the topic “Digital democracy: social media and political participation” [CSS 2022]

1. Introduction

2. What is Digital Democracy?

3. Benefits of social media for political participation in Digital Democracy

• The ability to reach a large and diverse audience
• The ability to engage in real-time discussions and debates
• Increased transparency and accountability
• Improved political literacy
• Increased engagement with political representatives
• Convenience and accessibility
• Diverse perspectives
• Viral potential
• Enhance connectivity among individuals and groups
• Improved communication and dialogue

4. Drawbacks to using social media for political participation in Digital Democracy

• The issue of fake news and misinformation
• The issue of echo chambers and filter bubbles
• Misinformation and propaganda
• Censorship and suppression of voices
• Harassment and bullying
• Data privacy and security
• Digital divide
• Unproductive or divisive discussions
• Time and attention drain
• Polarization and echo chambers

5. Conclusion

READ ESSAY: The more you sweat in peace, the less you bleed in war. [PMS 2022]

CSS ESSAY 2022

Social media platforms can play a key role in promoting political participation and digital democracy. By providing a space for individuals to express their opinions and engage in discussions about political issues, social media can help to increase transparency and accountability in the democratic process. Social media can also be used to organize political campaigns and events, and to mobilize supporters around specific causes. This can help to increase public participation in the democratic process and give a greater voice to underrepresented groups.

Digital democracy refers to the use of digital technologies, such as the internet and social media, to facilitate democratic processes. In recent years, there has been an explosion of social media platforms, which have become an important tool for political participation. This essay will explore the role of social media in political participation, examining both the benefits and drawbacks of using these platforms for democratic engagement.

There are several potential benefits to using social media for political participation in digital democracy

One of the key benefits of social media for political participation is the ability to reach a large and diverse audience. Social media platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter, allow individuals to share their views and opinions with a vast number of people, often with just a few clicks of a button. This has the potential to democratize the political process, by giving individuals a greater ability to have their voices heard.

Another key benefit of social media for political participation is the ability to engage in real-time discussions and debates. Traditional forms of political engagement, such as attending town hall meetings or writing letters to elected officials, can be slow and cumbersome. In contrast, social media allows for quick and easy communication, making it possible for individuals to engage in political discussions and debates in real-time. This can foster a more dynamic and interactive political process, where individuals can have their say on important issues.

Increased transparency and accountability is one of the feature of the social media in digital democracy. it platforms can provide a space for individuals to express their opinions and engage in discussions about political issues. This can help to promote transparency and accountability by allowing people to hold politicians and other public figures accountable for their actions and decisions.

In addition, it can also Improve political literacy, Social media can provide a space for people to learn about political issues and engage in informed discussions. This can help to increase political literacy and encourage people to make informed decisions when voting.

Increased engagement with political representatives, social media platforms can provide a direct channel of communication between politicians and the public, which can allow for more efficient and effective engagement with political representatives.

Convenience and accessibility can be achieved easily through Social media. This platforms are widely accessible and can be used from any location with an internet connection. This makes it easier for people to participate in political discussions and activities, and can help to overcome barriers such as distance or mobility limitations

Similarly, it can provide diverse perspectives. Social media provides a space for the expression of a wide range of perspectives and viewpoints, which can help to promote inclusivity and diversity in the political discourse. In addition, viral potential in no time, social media has the potential to rapidly spread information and ideas through networks of connected users, which can increase the visibility and impact of political messages and campaigns.

One potential benefit of using social media for political participation is that it can enhance connectivity among individuals and groups with similar interests and perspectives. By facilitating the formation of online communities and networks, social media can provide a space for people to connect and engage with others who share their views and interests. For example, social media can allow people to find and join groups or pages related to specific political issues or campaigns, where they can share information and ideas with others who are interested in the same topics.

Moreover, it can provide a space for more open and productive dialogue and debate about political issues. By allowing for real-time communication and the sharing of information and perspectives, social media can facilitate discussions and debates that can help to build bridges and find common ground among people with different viewpoints. For example, social media can provide a platform for people with different political beliefs to engage in respectful and productive discussions, which can help to foster a more inclusive and diverse political discourse.

On the flip side, there are several potential drawbacks to using social media for digital democracy, One of the main concerns is the issue of fake news and misinformation. Social media platforms are often used to spread false or misleading information, which can have serious consequences for political decision-making. For example, fake news stories have been shown to have influenced the outcome of recent elections, by spreading false or exaggerated claims about candidates and their policies. This can erode trust in the political process and make it difficult for individuals to make informed decisions.

Another potential drawback of social media for political participation is the issue of echo chambers and filter bubbles. Social media algorithms often show individuals content that they are likely to agree with, based on their previous interactions and preferences. This can lead to the formation of echo chambers, where individuals are only exposed to information and views that align with their own. This can make it difficult for individuals to consider different perspectives.

Similarly, social media platforms can be used to spread false or misleading information, which can undermine the democratic process by leading people to make decisions based on unreliable sources.

Some governments and other powerful actors may use social media to censor or suppress certain voices and opinions, which can limit the range of perspectives and viewpoints that are expressed and heard in the political discourse.

On the same fashion, some people may use social media to harass or bully others who have different political beliefs, which can create a toxic and unproductive environment for democratic engagement.

To add more to it, this platforms collect large amounts of data about their users, which can be used to profile and target users for political purposes. This raises concerns about data privacy and security, and the potential for abuse of this information.

Furthermore, not everyone has access to or is able to use social media, which can create a digital divide that excludes certain groups from participating in digital democracy. Thus, it becomes hard to provide equality in the democratic process through social media.

Unproductive or divisive discussions is also the demerit of the Social media in digital democracy. Some social media discussions about political issues can be unproductive or divisive, and can result in polarizing debates that do not lead to meaningful progress or consensus. Similarly, Inaccurate or biased information: Social media platforms can be used to spread inaccurate or biased information, which can distort the political discourse and lead to misguided decision-making.

Besides, time and attention drain is also very common in these platforms. It can consume a significant amount of time and attention, which can distract people from more productive forms of political engagement, such as volunteering or attending local meetings.

Polarization and echo chambers is the another disadvantage of the Social media. It algorithms can reinforce existing beliefs and perspectives, which can lead to the creation of echo chambers where people only interact with others who share their views. This can reinforce polarization and make it more difficult to find common ground and build consensus.

Overall, the use of social media for political participation has the potential to enhance the functioning of democracy by promoting transparency, accountability, and engagement with the political process. It is important to carefully consider the potential benefits and drawbacks of using social media in this context, and to strive for responsible and ethical use of these platforms in order to support the growth and development of digital democracy.

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Democracy Has Failed to Deliver in Pakistan! (Essay for CSS)

Democracy Has Failed to Deliver in Pakistan!

“Why democratic System is Weak in Pakistan: Causes and Solutions”

Pakistan has been in quest for stable democratic system from its very inception. The process of its democratization has been slow and passive. Its nature has remained fragile. It has been showing high vulnerability towards non democratic interventions. Besides, it has been easily falling prey to non-civilian forces. As a result, Pakistan has been continuously failing to offer what a democracy promises. Such pathetic scenario has various reasons behind it at all three levels: State, government and society.

This Essay attempts to pin point and analyze the reasons behind such fragile and weak nature of democracy in Pakistan and extends recommendations along with identifying various means and players especially youth for strengthening democratic process in Pakistan to make it promising and delivering.

Introduction. – From very its start, Pakistan has choiced democratic form of government for itself. Its founders had ardently supported and emphasized for democratic system that could ideally permeate the governance structure and body politic of Pakistan; Quaid Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s speech at the Staff College on June 14, 1948 is the witness of his staunch support for democracy as corresponding structure for the polity of Pakistan to make it people friendly and welfare state. However, it is another fact that Quaid Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah himself laid the foundation of non-democratic trends through centralizing structure of Muslim League, dissolving non democratically Sindh Assembly and Ministry of Khan Sahab in NWFP in 1948. Despite all this, what he choiced and dreamt for Pakistan about system is undoubtedly democracy? But unfortunately being constitutionally a democratic country, Pakistan entirely fails to offer what constitutional democracies offer viz, sovereign parliament, free, fair and regular elections, supremacy of constitution, independent Judiciary, rule of law, civilian control over the armed forces, political life free from military involvement, safety to minority rights, provision of basic human needs and guarantee of freedoms of movement, expression, association and assembly .Contrary to dreams ,hopes and promises ,What Pakistan offers is the chequered history of democracy and unstable democratic process. Ironically, the country’s constitution has been abrogated twice (1958 and 1969) and suspended thrice (1977, 1999 and 2007) .More than half of its political life has been encroached by military generals. Five elected governments have been removed by army. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the founder of political vibrancy, mass based politics and giver of Atomic power to Pakistan was ruthlessly executed through judicial murder. Ex-prime ministers, and Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto were exiled. Causes: Nothing exists without any reason in universe; creation of everything carries reason with itself. More ever, According to principle of “Cause and Effect” unless the root causes of any problem are not accurately identified and thoroughly diagnosed, problem can’t be solved on sustainable basis. Therefore, let’s find and discuss the causes behind such weak, vulnerable and dented face and status of democracy in Pakistan and try to reach at workable solutions.

Colonial Inheritances and Institutional Imbalance

From time of its very creation, Pakistan has been experiencing institutional imbalance. Its roots go back to British period. Pakistan inherited administrative, political and legal legacies of British period .From political and administrative legacies point of view, Pakistan inherited high institutional imbalance characterized with strong and organized civil and military bureaucracies, weak1 Political institutions and non-democratic political parties. As a result, it lacked strong, dynamic and sustainable political institutions which could hold regular elections based on universal franchise, could build trust of masses into democracy, could protect democratic process against constitutional transgression and could provide a conducive environment for democracy to flourish and could correspond to desires and aspirations of masses. Muslim League which is credited to creation of Pakistan was a movement not a well-structured and deeply rooted political entity2 that could offer post partition program, could counter the power of army and bureaucracy and could offer corresponding structure to desires and needs of masses after the partition. Besides, League was non democratic in its nature led by elitists3.Consequently, It could not produce first line as well second line leadership embedded with love for democratic norms and values in particular and overall democratic culture in general .In this backdrop, administrative supremacy coupled with absence of elections based on universal franchise4 in particular and lack of democratic culture and process in general facilitated bureaucrats to rein the country from 1947 to 1958. Their periods is characterized with dummy and rubber stamped parliaments, abrupt and non-democratic dissolutions of assemblies, political intrigues, bickering and quarrelling, inefficiency, abrupt and fast changes of regimes.

Frequent intervention of Non civilian forces into political domain

Failure of bureaucratic regimes created space for army which was more organized than even civilian bureaucracies to intervene into political domain of country .formal involvement of army into civilian matters begun from martial law in Lahore in 1953 to control the riots between Ahmedis and Sunnies. Thereafter from 1958 army has ruled the country with short sighs, as short as of new born baby, of so called democratic regimes. Field Marshal law Ayub Khan ruled the country from 1958 to 1969, General Yahya Khan from 1969 to 1971, General Zia from 1977 to 1989, General Pervez Musharraf from 1999 to 2008. All four military regimes have remained characterized with impositions of Martial Law, ban on political parties, censorship on media, dissolution of assemblies and abrogation or suspension of constitutions. Thus, they destroyed political institutions and frustrated the forces viz media, political parties that support and channelize consolidation of democracy.

Weak Party System

One among the major forces which counter the military interventions into political domain and extra constitutional steps are genuine political parties with mass based support. But unfortunately Pakistan has been lacking strong and efficient party system which is very vital ingredient of Democracy. Democracy can neither exist nor can consolidate its process without strong, vibrant, vigilant and efficient political parties. Political parties play indispensable role in strengthening democracy in various ways. Parties translate various values and aspects of democracy into reality; they work to institutionalize the diversity of opinions, the beauty of democracy; translate ideological strength of masses into organizational shape; work as channel to elect representatives; serve as mean whereby power is peacefully transformed; serve as platform to mobilize, sensitize and educate public and stand as bridge between public and government. In order to do all these tasks in letter and spirit, Political parties need to be systematically networked, deeply rooted into masses and internally democratic and operationally efficient, immune to internal divisions, sustaining worst times and outliving the death of its founder(s). But, unfortunately Party system in Pakistan has remained very weak. Resultantly, it has created space for nonpolitical forces to emerge into political arena. It is proven fact that, apart from other reasons behind the overt and covert rule of dictators in Pakistan, absence of strong party system has remained one of the potent causes. Such non democratic orientation of political parties has weakened the culture of competition, bred nepotism and created incompetency which has obstructed the democratic process of parties’ aswell country.

Non Democratic Social structure

The nature and structure of society translates itself into nature and structure of political institutions. Political institutions don’t emerge in vaccum; they are expression of social institutions. Political and societal compositions interplay and influence each another. That is why; it is said that democracy is not external but internal Phenomenon6. You cannot plant it like an artificial tree but can set up it through a particular process of democratization. Social structure of Pakistan is by and large feudal. From very its pre partition time , Two forces viz British rulers and Muslim Lesage, ironically who claimed and still claims champion of democracy ,have supported consolidation of feudal structure in the regions which constitute present Pakistan Feudalism and democracy are two quite controversial norms: Feudalism is driven by principles of one person show, oppression, bondage, slavery. Whereas democracy is driven by principles of participation, peace, equality, pluralism and freedom. Owing to this, the nature of parliaments and political parties has remained non democratic in Pakistan. Pakistan has been remaining at the mercy of either these feudal politicians or military generals. One among the reasons which has made India to emerge as democratic polity is that it has abolished feudalism from very its inception. But Muslim League perpetuated and consolidated this system because it was party of feudal itself where as Congress owing to its class question orientation has been anti feudalism. Post partition history of Pakistan is marked with some initiatives taken for land reforms to loose the grip of feudalism. Ayub then President and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto then prime introduced the reforms. But the reforms introduced by both were ineffective, secondary in their nature and devoid of genuine intent Such feudal structure of society of Pakistan has been obstructing democratic process into various ways. It has translated non democratic trends into political culture. Secondly, it has impeded development of participatory culture. Thirdly, it has formed elitist orientations of politics. Fourthly, it has impeded Bourgeoisie middle class which is support mechanism to democracy .Lastly; it has been obstructing free and independent choice of public in elections which is basic and indispensable component of free elections.

Manipulation of election process.

Free and fair elections are major component of representative democracy. For democracy is, in one way, name of popular government which is not possible without free and fair process of election that guarantees genuine representation of masses in Parliament. Besides, Elections are the source of peaceful regime change. People resort to violent means of change if elections can’t represent their aspirations, needs, and fails to offer them due and fair space. In this regard, Pakistan has dismal image to show. All the general elections except of 1971 and 2006 to some extent, have been manipulated in one or other way either at pre, during or post phase of the elections. The manipulation has been worstly demonstrated into form of political victimization, gerrymandering, stuffed ballot boxes, intimidation of polling staff, pressurizing masses, use of state assets and violating rule of Election commission set for the election. Consequently, elections could not have been instrumental to determine the will of the people and have eroded trust of masses in democracy. If election could have proven to be instrumental in representing genuine will of people, the elected representatives must have elevated dignity of parliament, worked for strengthening of democracy and for welfare of masses whereby developing their trust in democracy.

Solutions/Recommendations

The problem of democracy is solvable in Pakistan, if genuine steps are taken with cohesive and integrated approach. Let me extend few suggestions for strengthening democratic system, process and culture in Pakistan.

• Feudalism should be immediately abolished to enable elections genuine instrumental of people’s wishes; to create participatory culture; to develop democratic values and to transform social stagnancies into dynamism which all together help consolidation of democratic process.
• Judiciary should be made Independent so as to enable it to ensure implementation of rule of law; to undo and stop all legal and constitutional transgressions.
• Parliament should be made sovereign. A specific channel should be launched in parliament that air proceedings to make masses aware of what is going into it. It will make legislatures serious and responsible in their conduct and will push them to chalk out people friendly policies which in turn will make governance efficient and will build trust of masses in democracy. In this way, space and need of call to army to intervene in political domain will dwindle largely.
• Supremacy of constitution should be ensured. Article six9 should be practiced in letter and spirit to check all constitutional abrogation which has been by and large affecting democratic process in Pakistan.
• Free and fair election should be ensured through independent Election Commission in order to prevent the rigging.
• Democracy education should be incorporated in the syllabus at all levels of education to promote and create democratic values, norms and practices in youth in particular and in masses in general.
• Political party rules 2002 should be strictly implemented in order to help democratic structure and conduct of political parties.
• Funds should be allocated on the basis of membership to political parties in order to strengthen them to work effectively for democracy.

For Political parties:

• Political Parties should develop well defined people friendly ideology, expand their organizational network, perform structurally and operationally democratic, develop strong coordination between their lower and higher tires , train their staff and impart democratic education to masse to give outlook of political entities which could generate the atmosphere of democracy within and outside of them, counter the supremacy of non-political institutions ,Counter the constitutional transgression through public support mustered by restoring their trust in political parties.

For Civil Society Organizations.

Civil society organization should

• Impart democracy education to general masses, youth, political workers media persons and writers ;
• enhance capacity of political parties and other stake holders in order to make them vigilant, vibrant and responsive towards question and issue of democracy;
• impart liberal ,progressive and political education to masses in order to create political society to create conducive atmosphere for democracy;
• lobby with the lawmakers to pursue them to take concrete initiatives for consolidation of democracy such as incorporation of democracy education in syllabus, allocation of funds for political parties etc;
• launch advocacy programs to highlight non democratic trends and actions;
• launch capacity building programs for youth to inculcate love for politics and democracy into them

Youth is the most significant part of any human society. They have played indispensible role in emancipation of human being .With fresh and hot blood, youth is always inclined towards activism, dynamism, change, and novelty. Populations of Pakistan constitute almost 35 percent of youth. Therefore, they also share the onus of enhancing democracy in Pakistan. Their indifferent attitude towards democracy in particular and towards politics in general will counter product rather produce constructively for consolidation of democracy. Therefore, youth of Pakistan should

• Join political parties after academic education because what execute plans for democracy most effectively are political parties;
• Should raise the issue and question of democracy in print and electronic media;
• Impart democracy education into their constituencies;
• Register their votes and take active part in election process;
• Join national and international youth organizations which work for democracy.

Short analysis reveals that Pakistan has been badly experiencing chequered history of democracy. Weak political institutions, frequent military interventions, frequent dissolution of civilian governments, Engineered and flawed election process, weak party system, lack of constitutionalism and lack of rule of laws has been obstructing way for promotion of genuine democracy in Pakistan which would be characterized with sovereign parliament, free, fair and regular elections, supremacy of constitution, independent Judiciary, rule of law, civilian control over the armed forces, political life free from military involvement, safety to minority rights, provision of basic human needs and guarantee of freedom of movement, expression, association and assembly. In this backdrop, Onus lies on State institutions, political parties, civil society organizations and youth to play part of their role as enumerated in recommendations given above to create space for democracy to entrench itself firmly in Pakistan as it could be delivering and substantial.

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Democracy Essay for Students and Children

500+ Words Essay on Democracy

Democracy is known as the finest form of government. Why so? Because in a democracy, the people of the country choose their government. They enjoy certain rights which are very essential for any human being to live freely and happily. There are various democratic countries in the world , but India is the largest one. Democracy has withstood the test of time, and while other forms have the government has failed, democracy stood strong. It has time and again proved its importance and impact.

Significance of a Democracy

Democracy is very important for human development . When people have free will to live freely, they will be happier. Moreover, we have seen how other forms of government have turned out to be. Citizens are not that happy and prosperous in a monarchy or anarchy.

Furthermore, democracy lets people have equal rights. This ensures that equality prevails all over the country. Subsequently, it also gives them duties. These duties make them better citizens and are also important for their overall development.

Most importantly, in a democracy, the people form the government. So, this selection of the government by the citizens gives everyone a chance to work for their country. It allows the law to prevail efficiently as the rules are made by people whom they have selected.

In addition, democracy allows people of various religions and cultures to exist peacefully. It makes them live in harmony with one another. People of democracy are more tolerant and accepting of each other’s differences. This is very important for any country to be happy and prosper.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

India: A Democratic Country

India is known to be the largest democracy all over the world. After the rule of the British ended in 1947 , India adopted democracy. In India, all the citizens who are above the age of 18 get the right to vote. It does not discriminate on the basis of caste, creed, gender, color, or more.

Although India is the largest democracy it still has a long way to go. The country faces a lot of problems which do not let it efficiently function as a democracy. The caste system is still prevalent which hampers with the socialist principle of democracy. Moreover, communalism is also on the rise. This interferes with the secular aspect of the country. All these differences need to be set aside to ensure the happiness and prosperity of the citizens.

In short, democracy in India is still better than that in most of the countries. Nonetheless, there is a lot of room for improvement which we must focus on. The government must implement stringent laws to ensure no discrimination takes place. In addition, awareness programs must be held to make citizens aware of their rights and duties.

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Css-essay: democracy (complete with outlines).

A Short Essay: Democracy in Pakistan

Pakistan ranks 104 th in the Democracy Index of 2021 (compared to 105 th in 2020). Its democracy score is only 4.31 . It implies that there is no true democracy in Pakistan. Rather it has a hybrid regime. Norway has the highest score on this index(9.75). On the poverty index, we can see that Norway is once again at the top. It implies that it has the least amount of poverty. So, democracy and less poverty are directly proportional. Uncertain political conditions reduce foreign investment which creates inflation. Ultimately, the country becomes the victim of poverty.

A country having a better ranking in the Democratic index will be having a better ranking in the poverty reduction index. So there is a connection in both and we clearly obtain result that democracy is a solution for poverty reduction in a nation. Robert petric

Introduction

Democratic governance means a government system in which all the people of a country can vote to elect their representatives. The government in turn runs the country according to the mandate given by the people.

A controlled democracy existed in the 1950s, and a simple democracy did so in the 1960s. A socialist democracy existed in the 1970s, a guided democracy existed in the 1980s, and a sham democracy existed in the 1990s. India and Pakistan, two gained independence in 1947. They had the same constitution, the Act of India 1935 . However, governance was the issue. Unlike India, Pakistan experienced an alternative system of government; civil and martial administration.

Pakistan saw several pitfalls. But, now Pakistan is convinced that strengthening democracy in Pakistan can be shaped with hard work. It can be done by the supremacy of the constitution, independence of the judiciary, and rule of law.

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Causes of Failure of Democracy in Pakistan

There are a number of following factors responsible for the failure of democracy in Pakistan.

1. Institutional Imbalance

Since the creation of Pakistan, it is experiencing institutional imbalance. Its roots go back to the British period. Pakistan’s institutional imbalance is due to civil and military bureaucracies and non-democratic parties. Besides, weak political institutions are also causing an imbalance in Pakistan.

Pakistan always lacked a system that could hold free and fair elections. Free and fair elections should be based on a universal franchise. If there was such a system, it could provide a conducive environment for democracy to grow.

2. Intervention of Military

The democratic failure in Pakistan left so much gap to give an opportunity to the military to fulfill that gap. Formal involvement of the military in civilian matters began in 1953. They intervened to contain the riots between Sunnis and Ahmedis. But, in 1958 military intervention resulted in the martial law period.

From 1958 to 1969, Field Marshal Ayub Khan ruled Pakistan. Generals Yahya Khan from 1969 to 1971, Zia-ul-Haq from 1977 to 1989, and Pervez Musharraf from 1999 to 2008 ruled Pakistan. All martial law rulers banned political parties during their regime periods. Moreover, even constitutional abolitions and desired amendments have been there relentlessly.

3. Evasion of Land Reforms

The greatest factor responsible for the failure of democracy in Pakistan is the evasion of land reforms in Pakistan. Feudal hold has increased since its creation. Supreme bureaucracy and feudalism are the two main consequences of the evasion of land reforms.

4. Lack of Vision in Politicians

Lack of vision and lack of competence in leaders is being seen in Pakistan. Pakistan’s conservative clerics and leaders have concocted theology with democratic culture. They have not even established the correct system according to religion. Moreover, they didn’t want the development of modern times.

5. Manipulated Election Process

“Free and fair elections” is one of the necessary elements of democracy. Democratic government is actually the most popular government which can only be achieved by free and fair elections. Only free and fair elections guarantee the genuine representation of people in Parliament. Furthermore, only elections are the source of peaceful regime change. People create a nuisance if they can’t represent their needs and desires.

In this regard, Pakistan has a disappointing image. All general elections except 2006 and 1971 , have been manipulated in different ways. Some of them were manipulated during the pre-phase of elections and some were manipulated during elections. Besides, some of them were manipulated in the post-phase of elections.

6. External Threats & Internal threats

Since the creation of Pakistan, it is facing huge threats from everywhere. Some of the threats are from strong neighbors and the remaining are from extremist Pakistanis. Both threats, whether it is external or internal make it compulsory for the armed forces to become involved in civilian matters. Subsequently, this involvement weakens democratic decision-making.

7. Corruption

Corruption is rampant in Pakistan and pushing our nation to a dead end. It includes the misappropriation of public funds, debts, nepotism, bad debts, misuse of power, and favoritism. The corrupt mafia has blocked the development of Pakistan. Subsequently, people have lost their trust in democratic government. Besides, corruption poses a great threat to Pakistan’s development in the future.

8. Sectarianism

Sectarianism is engulfing Pakistan since 1947. The adoption of religion as a guiding principle in the constitution is causing uncertainty in Pakistan. Basically, it is due to two major sects inhabiting Pakistan i.e. Sunnis and Shias.

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Way Forward

Recommendations for political parties:.

• Political parties should develop well-defined people-friendly ideologies.
• They should expand their organizational network.
• All political parties should have an outlook on democracy as a culture, rather than a process.
• They should train their staff for imparting democratic education.
• They should counter the supremacy of non-political institutions.

Recommendations for State

• First of all, the state should make sure of the supremacy of constitutions.
• There should be immediate steps taken to abolish feudalism in Pakistan.
• Some new laws should be introduced to ensure free and fair elections in order to prevent rigging.
• An independent judiciary should be ensured to implement the rule of law.
• Moreover, there is a dire need for civil-military cooperation in Pakistan. it should be ensured.

Recommendations for Youth

• Youth is an indispensable role in democracy. They should register their votes and take an active part in elections.
• They should join political parties after education.
• All youth members should participate in the election considering it a responsibility.
• They should be aware of political parties and institutions in Pakistan

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Tuesday, 3 October 2017

Democracy in pakistan essay outline for css and other tests.

Democracy in Pakistan

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Failure Of Democracy in Pakistan Essay CSS

The essay explains “Failure of democracy in Pakistan essay CSS. Causes of failure of democracy in Pakistan. Failure of democracy in Pakistan essay CSS.”

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“The democracy will cease to exist when you take away from those who are willing to work and give to those who would not.” – Thomas Jefferson

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Introduction

What is democracy?

• Free and fair elections
• Role of media
• Role of the judiciary
• Freedom of expression
• Religious freedom and Tolerance

Democracy and Pakistan

• Experienced different forms of government since independence like; Parliamentary, Presidential, martial law and democracy.
• Before election all political leaders promise they will work for the welfare of the state and its people.

Ethnic Issues And National Integration in Pakistan CSS

Causes of failure of democracy in Pakistan

• Lack of democratic norms – true democratic norms could not prevail due to internal political clashes and conflicts among ruling parties. They find little interest in the development and progress of the genuine democratic norms and behaviours in this democratically deprived country.
• Role of political parties – politicians adopt authoritarian policies and attitudes rather than encouraging and promoting democratic values, policies, behaviours, rule of law and tolerance for opposition parties. MCQs Test Online
• Weak state institutions – due to political turmoil state institutions couldn’t progress. Biased role of Judiciary and Election Commission.
• Lack of elections credibility – Free, fair and regular elections are the real essence of true democracy. However, the record of Pakistan’s elections in this regard is a bit poor.
• Communication gap – Political leaders come in public to get votes but once they came in power, they try keeping themselves at distance from common citizens.
• Populism – People support and follow persons, not their ideology and work.
• Incompetent politicians – they are so incompetent that their policies keep failing.
• Bureaucracy – has always remained an obstacle. Neither in favour of giving power to anyone nor is ready to become responsible to anyone.
• Lack of accountability – corrupt politicians always get away accountability.

Education System in Pakistan Issues And Problems

Recommendations

• Empowerment of government institutions
• Free, fair and timely elections
• Cooperation between civil-military leadership
• Education is important to bring awareness
• Accountability

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Askedon helps aspirants in their preparation for CSS, PMS, PCS and one paper MCQs based tests. We have syllabus wise complete notes of Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs, Islamiat, Essay, Gender Studies and many other compulsory and optional subjects of CSS, PMS and PCS. The blog is owned and managed primarily by Ataulhaq Yusufzai. For more details please visit About US and Privacy Policy page.

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Guest Essay

‘Don’t Be Scared,’ My Father Said Before He Was Led Away in Hong Kong

By Sebastien Lai

Mr. Lai, the son of the imprisoned Hong Kong publisher Jimmy Lai, wrote from London.

I haven’t seen my father, Jimmy Lai, in three years.

The most recent pictures that have emerged show him surrounded by guards in a Hong Kong prison courtyard during his 50 minutes of daily exercise. He looks thinner, his skin darker. But this will not be the enduring image of him that I carry.

In my memory, Dad is sitting at the breakfast table reading Apple Daily, the rowdy Chinese-language newspaper he founded and published. For 26 years, his paper championed Hong Kongers’ fight for democracy. Then, suddenly, it was all over: Beijing tightened its grip, my father was arrested in 2020, and the paper was shut down the next year.

I fear that I may never see him again. At 75, my father faces trial under charges related to the national security law that Beijing passed in 2020 to crush Hong Kong’s struggle for freedom. His day in court has been repeatedly delayed, and many fear any trial will be a sham. He may spend the rest of his life behind bars.

I believe the charges are designed to discredit him as a leading voice critical of the Chinese Communist Party. But every day he sits in prison is proof of his commitment to the fight for democracy.

My father’s life mirrored Hong Kong’s rise, and his incarceration is emblematic of the city’s downfall.

He landed in Hong Kong at the age of 12 aboard a fishing boat, a young stowaway fleeing the despair of Maoist China, and found work at a glove factory the same day. Hong Kong in the 1960s was unthinkably harsh for a child on his own. He told us stories of rats running across his body as he slept in the workers’ dormitories. He is partly deaf today, a result of his years as a child working the screaming, dangerous machinery in Hong Kong clothing factories. But Dad told us he felt he was in heaven because in Hong Kong he knew he had a future.

The city rose on the backs of refugees who braved the unknown to strive for better lives and my dad was the epitome of a Hong Kong success story, lifting himself from child laborer to factory manager to entrepreneur, starting the popular clothing brand Giordano in 1981.

But the Chinese government crackdown on protesters in Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989, led him to make yet another transformation: to newspaper publisher.

He had become an outspoken critic of the Chinese government, which retaliated by putting pressure on Giordano’s mainland operations. He chose to sell the company rather than bow to Beijing. In 1995, a year after I was born, he founded Apple Daily to speak truth to power and keep the Hong Kong public informed. He believed that information allowed for choice and that choice was the basis of freedom.

My earliest memory of the newspaper was visiting its printing presses. Holding my hand, my father led me past the towering, whirring machinery as it churned out the day’s news. I went home that day with my other hand smeared with ink. It was the first time I understood the magnitude of my father’s work and what it took to keep a city of millions informed, to give its people agency over their lives. Apple Daily quickly became a symbol of the city’s free press and other liberties that separated it from the authoritarian mainland.

But this brought great pressure on the newspaper and my family. We were often followed by black cars. Our home was repeatedly firebombed . My parents woke up one evening in 2013 to the crash of a car slamming into our front gate. But my father never flinched.

In 2019 up to two million people took to the streets to protest Beijing’s growing stranglehold on Hong Kong and to demand democracy. They were driven by the same daring spirit and desire for freedom that helped build the city in the first place. It is this defining essence that authorities are now trying to stamp out.

In response, China passed the national security law, and it became a sign of defiance simply to read Apple Daily in public. Shortly after the law went into effect, scores of police officers knocked on our door one day before dawn, raided our home and paraded Dad around his own newsroom in handcuffs. “Don’t be scared,” he told our family before he was led away on the morning of that first arrest. He could have left Hong Kong but chose to stay to show he wouldn’t be cowed — and to send the city’s seven million people the same message.

But Hong Kong is a changed place . The city’s once-vibrant civil society has been dismantled, opposition politicians jailed, independent newsrooms muzzled.

Hong Kong authorities have already sentenced my father to more than five years in prison in one case. He now faces trial on charges such as sedition and endangering national security. But his only crime has been to stand up for democracy. The city’s government must release him to lend any credence to its claim that it still respects the rule of law and to salvage the city’s status as an international business and financial center.

There is another enduring image that I have of my father — who is also a British citizen and Catholic — strolling through the expanse of Hyde Park in London, singing “Ave Maria” under the English sun. It is the picture of a man who has steadfastly pursued freedom and is at peace with bearing the responsibility he feels toward himself and his home. Here, out in the open air, is where my father belongs.

In imprisoning a man who embodies Hong Kong’s rise, authorities in the city are showing the world they no longer tolerate the very things that once made it so great: free speech, the rule of law and a love for liberty.

Sebastien Lai (@SupportJimmyLai) is leading an international campaign to seek freedom for his father, Jimmy Lai.

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