anorexia nervosa blood tests

• Type 2 Diabetes
• Heart Disease
• Digestive Health
• Multiple Sclerosis
• COVID-19 Vaccines
• Occupational Therapy
• Healthy Aging
• Health Insurance
• Public Health
• Patient Rights
• Caregivers & Loved Ones
• End of Life Concerns
• Health News
• Thyroid Test Analyzer
• Doctor Discussion Guides
• Hemoglobin A1c Test Analyzer
• Lipid Test Analyzer
• Complete Blood Count (CBC) Analyzer
• What to Buy
• Editorial Process
• Meet Our Medical Expert Board

How Anorexia Is Diagnosed

Professional screenings, labs and tests, self/at-home testing, emerging research.

Anorexia (also called anorexia nervosa) is a serious eating disorder involving dangerous weight loss or lack of appropriate weight gain, body image distortion, and anxiety surrounding food and eating.

While anorexia can cause serious health problems including death, it isn’t always easy to recognize, even by the people who have the disorder themselves.

Diagnostic tools exist to help determine if a person has anorexia, and aid in determining a treatment plan.

Biserka Stojanovic / Getty Images

In non-emergency situations, the process of diagnosing anorexia usually begins with an initial overall assessment from a healthcare provider.

During this assessment, the healthcare provider will take the person’s medical and psychiatric history, including their family history, and perform a full physical examination. This examination might include:

• Asking about diet history, including what foods the person eats, their eating habits, thoughts about food, etc.
• Questions about body image and weight loss history
• Height and weight measurements
• Comparisons with age-based growth charts
• A discussion of binging and purging behaviors, including the use of laxatives, diet pills, or supplements
• A review of any medications the person currently takes
• Questions about menstrual history
• A discussion about exercise history and practices
• Asking about a family history of eating and feeding disorders
• A discussion about substance use and mental health (mood, depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts), including a family history of substance use disorders or psychiatric disorders
• Checking vital signs, including heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure
• Looking at skin and nails
• Listening to the heart and lungs
• Feeling the abdomen

A primary healthcare provider may also make a referral to a mental health expert such as a psychiatrist. Eating and feeding disorders often exist alongside other mental health disorders.

DSM-5 Criteria

To meet the criteria for anorexia set out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5), the following must be met over a period of at least three months:

• Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health (less than minimally normal/expected)
• Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain
• Disturbed by one’s body weight or shape, self-worth influenced by body weight or shape, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of low body weight

In other words, a person:

• Exhibits behaviors that make it difficult or prevent maintaining an adequate weight for health : These behaviors can include restricting food intake, intense exercise to “counteract” food, self-induced vomiting, or misusing medications such as laxatives, diuretics, insulin, or enemas.
• Has an intense fear of becoming fat or of weight gain : This fear can persist even when the person has a body weight that is too low for their health. They may exhibit body checking behaviors such as frequently weighing and/or measuring themselves and frequent “mirror checks.” Weight loss or lack of weight gain rarely eases this fear.
• Perceives their weight and shape inaccurately or in a distorted way : They may see themselves as bigger than they are, have negative feelings about their body, and feel that their weight and shape are the most important part of themselves.
• Does not fully comprehend or appreciate the seriousness of their condition or behaviors : They may not see the dangerous health impacts of their condition or behaviors, including life-threatening risks of cardiac arrest, suicidality, and other health conditions that can lead to death.

In the past, the criteria for anorexia included the absence of a menstrual cycle. This has been removed as it excluded people who do not menstruate, and it made it difficult to evaluate children and young adolescents.

Anorexia diagnostic tools also focused in the past specifically on weight loss. Because children need to grow in order to maintain their health, the diagnosis of anorexia now includes not gaining weight developmentally appropriately.

Does Anorexia Always Mean Being Underweight?

While the criteria for anorexia specify having a body weight that is too low for health, a person does not need to be underweight to have other eating or feeding disorders.

Tests may be performed to rule out other health conditions that could be causing weight loss and other symptoms, or to check for problems that may have arisen as a result of anorexia.

These may include:

Blood Tests

• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Checks for levels of albumin (a liver protein)
• Measure of electrolytes
• Kidney function tests
• Liver function tests
• Measure of total protein
• Thyroid function tests

Certain metabolic functions can be measured with a urine test.

Urinalysis also looks at the color and appearance of the urine, its microscopic appearance, and its chemistry.

Other Tests and Procedures

A bone density test may be administered to check for osteoporosis .

An electrocardiogram (ECG) may be ordered to check for problems with the heart such as slow heart rate or abnormal heart rhythm.

X-rays may be taken to check things like stress fractures or broken bones, lung or heart problems.

Questionnaires, such as the SCOFF Questionnaire for adults, are typically used for screening for eating disorders during routine health exams and sports physicals, and may be a helpful tool for self-assessment.

The SCOFF Questionnaire for Eating Disorders in Adults

• Do you make yourself sick because you feel uncomfortably full?
• Do you worry you have lost control over how much you eat?
• Have you recently lost more than 14 pounds in a three-month period?
• Do you believe yourself to be fat when others say you are too thin?
• Would you say that food dominates your life?

One point is given for every “yes” answer. A score of two or higher indicates a likelihood of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa and that the person should see a healthcare provider for further steps.

A 2018 study indicates that there may be gender differences in the presentation and diagnosis of anorexia and bulimia , specifically as it refers to the severity indicators in the DSM-5. This study also showed that the severity indicators in the DSM-5 for anorexia may not give an accurate measurement for males or females.

A 2017 study supports the need for more research on the accuracy and validity of the severity measures indicated in the DSM-5.

A study done in 2017 suggests that more measures are needed to distinguish between constitutional thinness and anorexia, particularly since the removal of amenorrhea (lack of a menstrual period) from the DSM criteria for anorexia. This study recommends the use of testing for free T3 levels in addition to the existing criteria.

If you or a loved one is coping with an eating disorder, contact the  National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) Helpline  for support at 1-800-931-2237. 

For more mental health resources, see our  National Helpline Database .

A Word From Verywell

It can often be difficult for a person who is experiencing anorexia to recognize that they have a health problem. Diagnostic tools such as screening tests, physical and psychological examinations, and other health procedures can help determine if you or someone you love is experiencing disordered eating such as anorexia.

Once the condition has been recognized, there are ways to help, and recovery is possible.

Cleveland Clinic. Anorexia nervosa .

Walden Behavioral Care. Anorexia diagnosis .

Peterson K, Fuller R. Anorexia nervosa in adolescents: an overview .  Nursing . 2019;49(10):24-30. doi:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000580640.43071.15

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 changes: implications for child serious emotional disturbance, Table 19, DSM-IV to DSM-5 anorexia nervosa comparison .

National Eating Disorder Information Centre. Anorexia nervosa .

Marion M, Lacroix S, Caquard M, et al. Earlier diagnosis in anorexia nervosa: better watch growth charts!   J Eat Disord . 2020;8(1):42. doi:10.1186/s40337-020-00321-4

MedlinePlus. Anorexia .

Morgan JF, Reid F, Lacey JH. The SCOFF questionnaire: a new screening tool for eating disorders .  West J Med . 2000;172(3):164-165. doi:10.1136/ewjm.172.3.164

Zayas LV, Wang SB, Coniglio K, et al. Gender differences in eating disorder psychopathology across DSM-5 severity categories of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa . Intl J Eat Disord . 2018;51(9):1098-1102. doi:10.1002/eat.22739

Smith KE, Ellison JM, Crosby RD, et al. The validity of DSM-5 severity specifiers for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder . Intl J Eat Disord . 2017;50(9):1109-1113. doi:10.1002/eat.22739

Estour B, Marouani N, Sigaud T, et al. Differentiating constitutional thinness from anorexia nervosa in DSM 5 era .  Psychoneuroendocrinology . 2017;84:94-100. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.06.015

By Heather Jones Heather M. Jones is a freelance writer with a strong focus on health, parenting, disability, and feminism. 

By clicking “Accept All Cookies”, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts.

BRIAN C. HARRINGTON, MD, MPH, MICHELLE JIMERSON, MD, MPH, CHRISTINA HAXTON, MA, LMFT, AND DAVID C. JIMERSON, MD

Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(1):46-52

A more recent article on eating disorders in primary care is available.

Patient information : See related handout on eating disorders , written by the authors of this article.

Eating disorders are life-threatening conditions that are challenging to address; however, the primary care setting provides an important opportunity for critical medical and psychosocial intervention. The recently published Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th ed., includes updated diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (e.g., elimination of amenorrhea as a diagnostic criterion) and for bulimia nervosa (e.g., criterion for frequency of binge episodes decreased to an average of once per week). In addition to the role of environmental triggers and societal expectations of body size and shape, research has suggested that genes and discrete biochemical signals contribute to the development of eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa occur most often in adolescent females and are often accompanied by depression and other comorbid psychiatric disorders. For low-weight patients with anorexia nervosa, virtually all physiologic systems are affected, ranging from hypotension and osteopenia to life-threatening arrhythmias, often requiring emergent assessment and hospitalization for metabolic stabilization. In patients with frequent purging or laxative abuse, the presence of electrolyte abnormalities requires prompt intervention. Family-based treatment is helpful for adolescents with anorexia nervosa, whereas short-term psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavior therapy, is effective for most patients with bulimia nervosa. The use of psychotropic medications is limited for anorexia nervosa, whereas treatment studies have shown a benefit of antidepressant medications for patients with bulimia nervosa. Treatment is most effective when it includes a multidisciplinary, team-based approach.

Eating disorders have traditionally been classified into two well-established categories. They are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. 1 Additionally, many patients have been classified as having the residual category of eating disorder not otherwise specified. 2 Revisions in the recently published Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th ed., (DSM-5) may facilitate more specific eating disorder diagnoses. 3 , 4 The DSM-5 includes a diagnostic category for binge-eating disorder, which is characterized by a loss of control and the feelings of guilt, shame, and embarrassment. The disorder is not associated with self-induced vomiting or other compensatory behaviors; hence, patients are typically overweight or obese. Other feeding and eating disorders in the DSM-5 include pica, rumination disorder, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. 3 This article focuses on anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa ( Table 1 3 ) are similar to the previous DSM-IV criteria with respect to behavioral and psychological characteristics involving restriction of food intake resulting in low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, and disturbance of body image. 1 , 3 Notably, the DSM-5 criteria do not refer to a specific degree of weight loss required for the diagnosis, but instead provide guidelines for specifying the severity of weight loss. As in the DSM-IV, the new criteria specify two diagnostic types of anorexia nervosa (restricting type and binge eating/purging type). In a significant revision to previous criteria, diagnosis of anorexia nervosa no longer requires the presence of amenorrhea.

Bulimia nervosa involves the uncontrolled eating of an abnormally large amount of food in a short period, followed by compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, or excessive exercise. The main update in the DSM-5 criteria for bulimia nervosa ( Table 2 3 ) is a decrease in the average frequency of bingeing and purging from twice to once a week. 4

Prevalence and Etiology

Bulimia nervosa affects four to six out of 200 females in the United States. Anorexia nervosa is much less common, with a lifetime prevalence of one out of 200 females in the United States. Approximately 95% of persons with an eating disorder are 12 to 25 years of age. Although 90% of patients with an eating disorder are female, the incidence of diagnosed eating disorders in males appears to be increasing. 5

The etiology of eating disorders is unknown and probably multifactorial. Environmental influences include societal idealizations about weight and body shape. Parenting style has been discounted as a primary cause of eating disorders. However, parenting style, household stress, and parental discord may contribute to anxiety and personality traits that are risk factors for an eating disorder. An emphasis on success and external rewards may lead to overly high expectations. Children may then try to be successful with something they can control: regulating what they eat and how they look. Sexual assault or abuse has not been associated with anorexia nervosa but may be a risk factor for bulimia nervosa. 6

There is increasing evidence of biologic risk factors for eating disorders. Twin studies and other research suggest a genetic link. 7 Eating disorders have been associated with abnormal neurotransmitter systems involving serotonin and dopamine. 8 , 9 The role of hormones such as ghrelin, leptin, and oxytocin has also been investigated. 10

Clinical Presentation

Table 3 includes clinical signs of eating disorders. 11 – 13 Patients with eating disorders may often comment about being “fat” or not liking their body shape. Weight loss with anorexia nervosa may go unnoticed for some time, particularly when patients wear baggy clothes or extra layers. Patients with anorexia nervosa commonly restrict their diet to vegetables, fruit, and diet products, and often skip meals altogether. They develop mealtime rituals, such as cutting food into tiny pieces, patting liquid off with napkins, or picking food apart. Although anorexia nervosa has been associated with some cognitive deficits as demonstrated on neuropsychological tests, many patients maintain good cognitive function and verbal fluency even when malnourished. 14

Patients with eating disorders often engage in excessive physical activity despite bad weather, illness, or injury. A study found that approximately one-third of patients hospitalized for anorexia nervosa reported excessive (i.e., obligatory, obsessive, or driven) exercise during the three months before admission. 15

Patients with bulimia nervosa may arrange complex schedules to accommodate episodes of binge eating and purging, often accompanied by frequent trips to the bathroom. In addition to excessive exercise, other methods of weight control include abuse of laxatives or diuretics. Frequent self-induced vomiting can contribute to parotitis, stained teeth or enamel erosions, and hand calluses.

As cachexia progresses, patients with anorexia nervosa lose strength and endurance, move more slowly, and demonstrate decreased performance in sports. Overuse injuries and stress fractures can occur. Bradycardia, orthostatic hypotension, and palpitations may progress to potentially fatal arrhythmias. Epigastric pain and a bloating sensation are common. Laxative abuse causes hemorrhoids and rectal prolapse. Severe hypoglycemia may lead to seizures. Wounds heal poorly. Endocrine symptoms in anorexia nervosa include hypothermia (feeling cold), delayed onset of menses or secondary amenorrhea, and osteopenia progressing to osteoporosis. 11 , 12

More than one-half of patients with eating disorders meet criteria for a current or past episode of major depression. 16 Anorexia nervosa is associated with an increased risk of suicide, with the suicide standardized mortality ratio estimated to be as high as 31 in one meta-analysis. 17 Other associated psychiatric disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, social phobia, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and personality disorders. Psychological symptoms include heightened emotional arousal, reduced tolerance of stress, emotional dysregulation, social withdrawal, and self-critical perfectionistic traits. 3

Screening for Eating Disorders

Annual health supervision examinations and preparticipation sports physicals are ideal screening opportunities. In addition to weight, height, and body mass index measurements, a screening tool such as the SCOFF questionnaire ( Table 4 18 ) can be used. 11 , 12 , 18 The SCOFF questionnaire has been validated only in adults but suggests an approach that can also be used with children. 12

Initial Evaluation

The first priority in the evaluation of patients with eating disorders is to identify emergency medical conditions that require hospitalization and stabilization. Before the patient is weighed, a urine sample should be obtained to assess specific gravity for hydration status, pH level, ketone level, and signs of kidney damage. Weight, height, body mass index, and body temperature should be recorded. Because patients may wear extra clothes or hide heavy items to exaggerate their weight, they should be weighed wearing only underwear and a hospital gown. An attendant or parent may have to be present while they change. Clinicians may consider having patients face away from the scale so that they do not know their weight. Blood pressure should be recorded with orthostatic vital signs.

Electrocardiography and laboratory studies such as urinalysis with specific gravity, complete blood count, complete metabolic panel, amylase and lipase measurement, phosphorous and magnesium measurement, and thyroid function tests (thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, free triiodothyronine) should be performed promptly. 11 , 12 Less urgent testing, such as bone density testing, can be deferred.

Family physicians can fill a central role in the monitoring and treatment of patients with eating disorders. A psychotherapist or psychiatrist usually is involved. Eating disorder specialists, often with backgrounds in psychiatry or adolescent medicine, are ideally involved but may not be available in some locations. A dietitian can help select nutritious and calorie-rich foods. For youth, it is critical to involve their schools. Most states require formal 504 plans that spell out special accommodations, such as snack breaks in class or allowances for missed school, to allow equal educational opportunities for students with medical disabilities.

Treatment success may be dependent on developing a therapeutic alliance with the patient, involvement of the patient's family, and close collaboration within the treatment team. Additional online resources for the treatment team, patient, and family are listed in eTable A .

Treatment should be individualized based on symptom severity, course of illness, psychiatric comorbidity, availability of psychosocial/familial support, patient motivation for undergoing treatment, regional availability of specialized treatment programs, and medical stability. Indications for hospitalization include significant electrolyte abnormalities, arrhythmias or severe bradycardia, rapid persistent weight loss in spite of outpatient therapy, and serious comorbid medical or psychiatric conditions, including suicidal ideation. 11 , 12 Table 5 includes the American Academy of Pediatrics criteria for inpatient treatment. 19 After the patient is stabilized at a local hospital, his or her condition or comorbidities may necessitate transfer to a facility specializing in eating disorder inpatient care.

The focus of initial treatment for patients who have anorexia nervosa with cachexia is restoring nutritional health, with weight gain as a surrogate marker. Feeding tubes may be needed in severe cases when the patient has a high resistance to eating. Refeeding syndrome can occur in a malnourished individual when a rapid increase in food intake results in dramatic fluid and electrolyte shifts, and is potentially fatal. Thus, hospitalization should be considered for initial treatment of any seriously malnourished patient to allow for daily monitoring of key markers such as weight, heart rate, temperature, hydration, and serum phosphorus level. 20

Nutritional Intervention and Weight Restoration . Patients with anorexia may eat only 500 kcal a day, whereas the average daily caloric requirement for a sedentary adolescent is 1,800 kcal for females and 2,200 kcal for males. 21 A reasonable initial target for weight restoration is 90% of the average weight expected for the patient's age, height, and sex. 12 , 22 Growth charts are available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/charts.htm . Initiation or resumption of menses is an important marker of biologic health in females. In one report, 86% of females with anorexia nervosa who achieved the 90% body mass index goal resumed menses within six months. 22 The patient's pre–eating disorder weight history may help in determining a target body mass index. For growing adolescents, the goal weight may need to be adjusted every three to six months. Weight gain may not begin until caloric intake significantly exceeds sedentary requirements. Strenuous physical activity and sports should be restricted.

Nutritional guidance focuses on healthy food intake and regaining the energy needed to resume activities. Although calorie counting is important, it generally should not be discussed with the patient. Daily menus should include three full meals and a structured snack schedule that is monitored by parents or the school nurse. A multivitamin plus vitamin D and calcium supplements are recommended.

Psychotherapy . Psychotherapy is the foundation for successful treatment of an eating disorder. Family-based treatment (the Maudsley method) is one of the more promising approaches for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. 23 – 25 Goals of psychotherapy include reduction of distorted body image and dysfunctional eating habits, return to social engagement, and resumption of full physical activities. 26 Family members need support and help learning how to care for the patient. Clinical trials have shown significant improvement in bulimia nervosa with cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy. 27 Group therapy is used in many eating disorder treatment programs. Alternate adjunctive therapies such as equine therapy (based on the idea that caring for horses through grooming and other interactions is healing) may hold promise, although they are not evidence-based therapies. 28 Mindfulness practices such as meditation and yoga benefit patients with anxiety and may provide low-energy physical activity. 29

Medications . Studies have shown only limited benefit of medications in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may help mitigate symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation in patients with anorexia nervosa. However, they have not proved beneficial in facilitating weight restoration or preventing relapse. 30 , 31 Although case reports and recent preliminary studies have suggested a role for atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine (Zyprexa), controlled studies have not demonstrated significant benefit in patients with anorexia nervosa. 11 , 32 – 35 Larger placebo-controlled studies will be needed to evaluate this approach. If psychotropic medications are attempted, the patient should be closely monitored, possibly in an inpatient or residential setting, and supervised by a psychiatrist or eating disorder specialist.

In patients with bulimia nervosa, studies have suggested SSRIs may be beneficial in decreasing the frequency of binge eating and purging. 35 – 37 Thus, the addition of an SSRI might be considered for patients who are not responding to an initial trial of psychotherapy and for patients with major depression or another comorbid disorder responsive to antidepressant medications.

Although approximately one-half of patients with anorexia nervosa fully recover, about 30% achieve only partial recovery, and 20% remain chronically ill. 38 Anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of any mental health disorder, with an estimated all-cause standardized mortality ratio of 1.7 to 5.9. 39 , 40 The prognosis for bulimia nervosa is more favorable, with up to 80% of patients achieving remission with treatment. However, the 20% relapse rate represents a significant clinical challenge, and the disorder is associated with an elevated all-cause standardized mortality ratio of 1.6 to 1.9. 39 , 40

Data Sources : Literature searches on Ovid Medline were performed. Key terms were anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorder, etiology, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, and treatment. The search included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, and review articles. The search was limited to human, English, and full text. Subsequent Ovid Medline searches were conducted looking for specific topics such as zinc and eating disorders. Additional searches included the archives for the journals Pediatrics and American Family Physician , Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality evidence reports, the Cochrane database, the National Guideline Clearinghouse database, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Psychiatric Association, and the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Search dates: November 18, 2013; December 1, 2013; July 14, 2014; and October 22, 2014.

Continue Reading

More in AFP

More in pubmed.

Copyright © 2015 by the American Academy of Family Physicians.

This content is owned by the AAFP. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP.  See permissions  for copyright questions and/or permission requests.

Copyright © 2023 American Academy of Family Physicians. All Rights Reserved.

• Health Topics
• Drugs & Supplements
• Medical Tests
• Medical Encyclopedia
• About MedlinePlus
• Customer Support

Anorexia is an eating disorder that causes people to weigh less than is considered healthy for their age and height, usually by excessive weight loss.

People with this disorder may have an intense fear of weight gain, even when they are underweight. They may diet or exercise too much or use other ways to lose weight.

The exact causes of anorexia are not known. Many factors may be involved. Genes and hormones may play a role. Social attitudes that promote very thin body types may also be involved.

Risk factors for anorexia include:

• Being more worried about, or paying more attention to, weight and body shape
• Having an anxiety disorder as a child
• Having a negative self-image
• Having eating problems during infancy or early childhood
• Having certain social or cultural ideas about health and beauty
• Trying to be perfect or overly focused on rules

Anorexia often begins during the pre-teen or teen years or young adulthood. It is more common in females, but may also be seen in males.

A person with anorexia usually:

• Has an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even when underweight.
• Refuses to keep their weight at what is considered normal for their age and height (15% or more below the normal weight).
• Has a body image that is very distorted, is very focused on body weight or shape, and refuse to admit the danger of weight loss.

People with anorexia may severely limit the amount of food they eat. Or they eat and then make themselves throw up. Other behaviors include:

• Cutting food into small pieces or moving them around the plate instead of eating
• Exercising all the time, even when the weather is bad, they are hurt, or their schedule is busy
• Going to the bathroom right after meals
• Refusing to eat around other people
• Using pills to make themselves urinate (water pills, or diuretics), have a bowel movement (enemas and laxatives), or decrease their appetite (diet pills)

Other symptoms of anorexia may include:

• Blotchy or yellow skin that is dry and covered with fine hair
• Confused or slow thinking, along with poor memory or judgment
• Extreme sensitivity to cold (wearing several layers of clothing to stay warm)
• Thinning of the bones ( osteoporosis )
• Wasting away of muscle and loss of body fat

Exams and Tests

Tests should be done to help find the cause of weight loss, or see what damage the weight loss has caused. Many of these tests will be repeated over time to monitor the person.

These tests may include:

• Bone density test to check for thin bones (osteoporosis)
• Electrocardiogram ( ECG )
• Electrolytes
• Kidney function tests
• Liver function tests
• Total protein
• Thyroid function tests

The biggest challenge in treating anorexia nervosa is helping the person recognize that they have an illness. Most people with anorexia deny that they have an eating disorder. They often seek treatment only when their condition is serious.

Goals of treatment are to restore normal body weight and eating habits. A weight gain of 1 to 3 pounds (lb) or 0.5 to 1.5 kilograms (kg) per week is considered a safe goal.

Different programs have been designed to treat anorexia. These may include any of the following measures:

• Increasing social activity
• Reducing the amount of physical activity
• Using schedules for eating

To start, a short hospital stay may be recommended. This is followed by a day treatment program.

A longer hospital stay may be needed if:

• The person has lost a lot of weight (being below 70% of their ideal body weight for their age and height). For severe and life-threatening malnutrition , the person may need to be fed through a vein or stomach tube.
• Weight loss continues, even with treatment.
• Medical complications, such as heart problems, confusion, or low potassium levels develop.
• The person has severe depression or thinks about committing suicide.

Care providers who are usually involved in these programs include:

• Nurse practitioners
• Physician assistants
• Mental health care providers

Treatment is often very difficult. People and their families must work hard. Many therapies may be tried until the disorder is under control.

People may drop out of programs if they have unrealistic hopes of being "cured" with therapy alone.

Different kinds of talk therapy are used to treat people with anorexia:

• Cognitive behavioral therapy (a type of talk therapy), group therapy, and family therapy have all been successful.
• Goal of therapy is to change a person's thoughts or behavior to encourage them to eat in a healthier way. This kind of therapy is more useful for treating younger people who have not had anorexia for a long time.
• If the person is young, therapy may involve the whole family. The family is seen as a part of the solution, instead of the cause of the eating disorder.
• Support groups may also be a part of treatment. In support groups, patients and families meet and share what they have been through.

Medicines such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers may help some people when given as part of a complete treatment program. These medicines can help treat depression or anxiety. Although medicines may help, none has been proven to decrease the desire to lose weight.

Support Groups

The stress of illness can be eased by joining a support group . Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Anorexia is a serious condition that can be life threatening. Treatment programs can help people with the condition return to a normal weight. But it is common for the disease to relapse.

Women who develop this eating disorder at an early age have a better chance of recovering completely. Most people with anorexia will continue to prefer a lower body weight and be very focused on food and calories.

Weight management may be hard. Long-term treatment may be needed to stay at a healthy weight.

Possible Complications

Anorexia can be dangerous. It may lead to serious health problems over time, including:

• Bone weakening
• Decrease in white blood cells, which leads to increased risk of infection
• A low potassium level in the blood, which may cause dangerous heart rhythms
• Severe lack of water and fluids in the body ( dehydration )
• Lack of protein, vitamins, minerals, and other important nutrients in the body ( malnutrition )
• Seizures due to fluid or sodium loss from repeated diarrhea or vomiting
• Thyroid gland problems
• Tooth decay

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Talk to your health care provider if someone you care about is:

• Too focused on weight
• Over-exercising
• Limiting the food he or she eats
• Very underweight

Getting medical help right away can make an eating disorder less severe.

If you or someone you know is thinking about suicide, call or text 988 or chat 988lifeline.org . You can also call 1-800-273-8255 (1-800-273-TALK). The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline provides free and confidential support 24/7, anytime day or night.

You can also call 911 or the local emergency number or go to the hospital emergency room. DO NOT delay.

If someone you know has attempted suicide, call 911 or the local emergency number right away. DO NOT leave the person alone, even after you have called for help.

Alternative Names

Eating disorder - anorexia nervosa

American Psychiatric Association website. Feeding and eating disorders. In: American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013;329-345.

Kreipe RE, Starr TB. Eating disorders. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 41.

Lock J, La Via MC; American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) Committee on Quality Issues (CQI). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with eating disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2015;54(5):412-425. PMID 25901778 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25901778/.

Tanofsky-Kraff M. Eating disorders. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine . 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 206.

Thomas JJ, Mickley DW, Derenne JL, Klibanski A, Murray HB, Eddy KT. Eating disorders: evaluation and management. In: Stern TA, Fava M, Wilens TE, Rosenbaum JF, eds. Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry . 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 37.

Review Date 4/30/2022

Updated by: Fred K. Berger, MD, addiction and forensic psychiatrist, Scripps Memorial Hospital, La Jolla, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Related MedlinePlus Health Topics

• Eating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa

• RCPA Catalogue of Genetic Tests
• LabTests Online AU
• MBS Online Search Page

Page last updated:

The RCPA is the leading organisation representing Pathologists and Senior Scientists in Australasia.

Its mission is to train and support pathologists and senior scientists and to improve the use of pathology testing to achieve better healthcare.

Quick Links

• Prospective Trainees
• Health Care Professionals
• Frequently Asked Questions
• RCPA Foundation
• Pathology Updates

Copyright © 2023 RCPA . All rights reserved.

Website design and development by Big Blue Digital .

RCPA Member Login

Notification.

Mental health worksheets: Take 25% off your of $200 or more by using coupon code "Sep2023" at checkout!

• Forgot Password?
• Add Practice Listing
• Terms and Conditions

Online Anorexia Test

Do i have anorexia take our free online anorexia quiz.

Thank you for pursuing better mental health ! Our online anorexia test consists of 20 statements and should take you 5 to 10 minutes to complete.

Instructions

Please answer each statement carefully and choose one correlating statement that best describes the way you've been feeling over the past one month. This online anorexia test is a screening measure that can help you determine whether you might have some of the symptoms associated with anorexia that may require professional help.

Be honest for the most accurate results.

It’s important to note: These results are not a diagnosis and this quiz is not a diagnostic tool. However, you may benefit from a consultation with a licensed mental health professional if you are experiencing difficulties in daily life. Eating disorders should only be diagnosed by a licensed mental health professional.

Too often people stop short of seeking help due to fears that their concerns are not severe enough to warrant professional help. We urge you to reach out to a licensed professional after taking our online anorexia test.

If you are in need of immediate assistance, please dial 911 or the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1 (800) 273-8255

Learn 13 foods for anorexia refeeding

Please choose the extent you've experienced each of the following symptoms over the past month:

Need Help? Explore Online Therapy Options

Need help? Explore these great online therapy providers:

Advertisement

• $ 60 to $ 90 per week, billed every 4 weeks
• Receive therapy via messaging, phone, or live video
• Flexible option to cancel at any time

Take 15% off your first month

Online-Therapy.com

• $ 40 to $ 88 per week, billed monthly
• Receive therapy via live video, messaging, and worksheets
• Multi-faceted program includes videos, journaling, and yoga

Take 20% off your first month

• $69 to $129 per week, billing flexible
• Psychiatric services and prescription management available

Use code 'SPACE' for $100 off your first subscription

Demystifying Holistic Health Care

13 Foods for Anorexia Weight Gain: An Anorexia Refeeding Guide

Acute Stress Disorder Treatment: Everything You Need to Know for Recovery

Binge Eating Disorder Treatment: Recovery is Within Reach

ARFID Treatment: A Full Guide to Your Recovery Options

Online quizzes.

TherapyByPro Special Offer: Take 15% off your first month, cancel at any time.

Thank you for taking our anorexia test! Below is a little bit more information about this disorder as well as links to mental health professionals who can help you.

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder that involves consuming very small amounts of food and sometimes bingeing and/or purging. Anorexia can quickly become life threatening when a patient becomes starved, malnourished, and dehydrated. According to Wendy Oliver-Pyatt :

Anorexia nervosa, often referred to as simply “anorexia”, is a life-threatening eating disorder. People who suffer from anorexia consume very little amounts of food, which starves the body of essential nutrients. If untreated, those dealing with anorexia nervosa can become dangerously malnourished and thin while still seeing themselves as overweight. In many cases, people with anorexia nervosa must be hospitalized.

Who is Affected by Anorexia?

According to Webmd.com , 9 out of every 10 people with anorexia are female. In total across the United States, about 1% of females between the ages of 10 and 25 develop anorexia. Often, persons whose appearance are important to them, like dancers, actors, models, gymnasts, and similar are especially more vulnerable to developing anorexia. Also, people who tend to be perfectionists are more vulnerable.

Do I have Anorexia? Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa

Starvation isn't the only sign of anorexia. Here are some symptoms common with someone struggling or developing anorexia:

• A person is underweight for their age/gender/height
• A person is dehydrated
• A person's arms and/or legs are swollen
• A female no longer gets periods
• A person's hair is falling out
• A person often feels dizzy or faints
• A person is obsessed with losing weight
• A person's self-esteem is directly tied to their appearance or weight

DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  ( DSM ), or DSM-5, has been updated to include males who may have anorexia. "Do I have anorexia" should only be answered by a trained professional.

A person must have all of the below DSM criteria to be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa:

• Restriction of food intake leading to weight loss or a failure to gain weight resulting in a "significantly low body weight" of what would be expected for someone's age, sex, and height.
• Fear of becoming fat or gaining weight.
• Have a distorted view of themselves and of their condition (Examples of this might include the person thinking that they are overweight when they are actually underweight, or believing that they will gain weight from eating one single meal. A person with anorexia might also  not believe there is a problem  with being at a low body weight; these thoughts are known to professionals as "distortions.")

Anorexia Treatment

The first step to anorexia recovery is recognizing that you need help.

If you need help, there is hope! Reach out to a mental health professional that treats anorexia nervosa .

You can learn more about anorexia nervosa treatment here .

Issues by year

Advertising

Volume 46, Issue 11, November 2017

Early detection of eating disorders in general practice

Eating disorders are complex, potentially life-threatening conditions characterised by significant disturbances in eating behaviour that result in serious medical, psychiatric and psychosocial consequences. Eating disorders are formally classified on the basis of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria (Table 1). 1

DSM-5 classification and criteria

The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were updated in the DSM-5. Other eating disorders, including binge-eating disorder (BED), pica, rumination and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), have also been added in the DSM-5. In addition, atypical presentations are now included under the newly named categories of other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED), and unspecified feeding or eating disorder (UFED); these replace eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS).

Some of the significant revisions are the removal of amenorrhoea as a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa in female patients, and reduction of binge frequency to an average of once per week for bulimia nervosa. 2 The modifications were anticipated to better represent the symptoms and behaviours of patients dealing with these conditions, and enable more specific eating disorder diagnoses, thereby facilitating initiation of appropriate and timely management. 2–4 In theory, these modifications broaden the criteria for specific eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, but also more precisely categorise the previous diagnostic category of EDNOS. Patients who lose significant amounts of weight and meet the other diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, but who are not underweight, will now be diagnosed with atypical anorexia nervosa. 4

Magnitude of the problem

The prevalence of eating disorders in Australia is conservatively estimated to be 9% of the adult population, and this figure continues to increase. 5 In fact, a 2015 study of older adolescents and adults found a point prevalence as high as 16.3%, where BED accounted for 6.3% and subthreshold BED 7%. By contrast, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa each occurred in less than 1% of the population. 6

In spite of the seemingly low prevalence rate in the general population, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are of great significance because of their incidence in adolescent female patients and their mortality rate. 7 These conditions represent the third most common chronic illness (after asthma and obesity) in adolescent female patients. 7 In addition, anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric disorders; 8 long-term studies report mortality rates of approximately 20%. 9 It has been noted that ‘compared with their peers without the illness, the risk of premature death is approximately tenfold higher in a person with anorexia nervosa’. 10

In addition, these illnesses represent a significant socioeconomic cost to the community. In 2012, Deloitte Access Economics estimated the figure to be $69.7 billion. Of this amount, the direct healthcare cost is $99.9 million and the remainder is due to productivity loss and loss of healthy years of life. 11

Importance of early identification

To limit the impact of these disorders in terms of physical, psychiatric and economic outcomes, it is essential that general practitioners (GPs) are able to identify and initiate management in such patients, as primary care is the context of most presentations. Given that early intervention may limit the progression and improve outcomes of eating disorders, early recognition is imperative. 12–15 Hence, it is appropriate to commence medical management before a patient fulfils all of the diagnostic criteria of a particular eating disorder, 14 thereby limiting or reversing symptom progression and optimising prognosis.

General practice consultation

GPs face a number of challenges in the early identification of patients with an eating disorder; 15,16 this is particularly the case when the presentation does not relate to dietary intake or weight. Conversely, the classic presentation of the adolescent brought in by a parent who is concerned about their child’s nutritional intake, behaviours surrounding food and/or weight, should alert the GP to the possibility of an eating disorder with a more directed history and examination protocol.

However, far more challenging from a detection and therefore diagnostic standpoint is a patient who presents with seemingly ‘unrelated complaints’. 15 These complaints include psychological issues such as stress, depression or anxiety; physical complaints such as fatigue, dizziness, gastrointestinal problems (especially constipation and bloating) and, for female patients, menstrual irregularities; chronic health problems such as osteoporosis; and socioeconomic consequences such as financial insecurity due to inability to sustain employment. 17–19

Of course, the other impediment to early identification is delayed presentation. Patient factors contributing to this include: 15,20

• ambivalence about recovery
• stigma and shame
• denial of, and failure to, perceive the severity of the illness
• low motivation to change
• negative attitudes towards seeking help
• lack of knowledge about available resources
• practical issues (eg distance, cost).

There are a number of screening tools that can be used in the primary care setting to assist in the detection and diagnosis of eating disorders. The best known of these is the SCOFF questionnaire, which consists of five questions: 21

  1. Do you make yourself S ick because you feel uncomfortably full?   2. Do you worry you have lost C ontrol over how much you eat?   3. Have you recently lost more than O ne stone (6.35 kg) in a 3 month period?   4. Do you believe yourself to be F at when others say you are too thin?   5. Would you say that F ood dominates your life?

Each ‘yes’ answer scores one point and a score of ≥2 indicates a likely diagnosis of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. 21 However, the most poignant comment on diagnosis is conveyed in this quote from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines: ‘The most effective screening device probably remains the general practitioner thinking about the possibility of an eating disorder’. 19

In addition to screening tools, there are a number of ‘warning signs’ that can aid in the detection of eating disorders. Some of these warning signs can be difficult to detect because of the patient’s secrecy, deception or shame surrounding their behaviours. 14,19 However, other signs can be readily observed in the consultation or described by family members. The warning signs include psychological manifestations, commonly anxiety; behaviours such as avoiding meals; and physical issues that include menstrual irregularity or cessation in female patients. A detailed list of these features is shown in Table 2.

Hence, a detailed history is paramount in the assessment process. When a detailed history is performed in an empathic and non-judgemental manner, it provides an ideal opportunity for engagement with patients and a greater likelihood that they will accept the medical care they require. 14,18 There are only a few other medical conditions where the therapeutic alliance between doctor and patient is so critical. 19

A thorough history will also eliminate many of the other potential differential diagnoses of weight loss or symptoms (eg amenorrhoea in female patients). GPs’ failure to identify that certain symptoms and signs may represent an eating disorder may preclude early detection. NICE guidelines note that ‘diagnosis is often delayed when doctors inadvertently collude by over-investigating and referring to other specialties rather than confronting the possibility of an eating disorder’. 19

Physical examination and investigation are the next steps in assessment, but there may not be any abnormal physical findings and, often, laboratory results are normal. 7 Table 3 summarises a relevant assessment for a patient with a suspected eating disorder.

The first priority in the management of a patient with an eating disorder is securing medical and psychiatric safety. 2,18 It is prudent to remember that a patient’s visible habitus is not a reliable indicator of their medical risk. For example, a patient can have a normal body mass index (BMI) but also have a potassium level of 2.5 mmol/L due to their purging behaviours. In addition, BMI may be normal, but the patient might be at risk because of rapid weight loss or, in children, there may be failure to gain weight. 7,18,22 The criteria for admission to hospital are listed in Table 4. 22

For most patients who will not need immediate hospitalisation, treatment should be individualised and take place initially in an outpatient community setting, if possible. 14 Decisions surrounding management options are dependent on: 2

• age of the patient
• symptom severity
• course of illness
• medical stability
• patient motivation
• psychosocial or family support
• regional availability of specialised inpatient/outpatient programs
• associated psychiatric comorbidity.

Other significant factors that influence the necessary treatment interventions are whether identification or presentation occurs early, and the competence of the GP in the field of eating disorders. 16

A multidisciplinary team approach is often required to manage the physical and psychosocial consequences of the condition. The team could include a psychiatrist, psychologist, paediatrician, dietitian, social worker, psychiatric nurse, community support organisations and other medical specialists (eg endocrinologist, gastroenterologist). 18 The role of the GP includes: 14,18,22,23

• assessment and initial diagnosis (including urgent referral to the emergency department, if indicated)
• treatment of medical complications (eg iron deficiency)
• nutritional/weight assessment
• referral to appropriate health professionals
• involvement of community or hospital-based mental health services
• education for the patient and their family
• provision of regular ongoing medical monitoring.

The more detailed aspects of management are beyond the scope of this article, but are provided in the list of resources supplied. Certainly, in the scenario of early presentation and diagnosis (or prior to the patient fulfilling diagnostic criteria), education and regular monitoring in the primary care setting may be all that is required to prevent symptom progression.

Eating disorders are serious, life‑threatening conditions with significant physical, psychiatric, psychosocial and financial outcomes. The impact of these consequences can be minimised or avoided by early identification and management in the general practice setting. This article outlines an approach to assessment in the primary care setting with an emphasis on early detection. Ideally, this is achieved by a thorough history, a trusting therapeutic relationship between doctor and patient, and intervention before a patient fulfils all of the diagnostic criteria of a particular eating disorder.

Resources for GPs

• The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists’ eating disorder guidelines, www.ranzcp.org
• Australian and New Zealand Academy for Eating Disorders (ANZAED), www.anzaed.org.au
• National Eating Disorders Collaboration, www.nedc.com.au
• NICE eating disorder guidelines, www.nice.org.uk .
• Victorian Centre of Excellence in Eating Disorders (CEED), www.ceed.org.au
• Eating Disorders Victoria (EDV), www.eatingdisorders.org.au
• The Butterfly Foundation, www.butterflyfoundation.org.au
• Eating Disorders Association Inc Queensland, www.eda.org.au

Elizabeth Rowe MBBS, FRACGP, General Practitioner, Airlie Women’s Clinic, Malvern, Vic. [email protected]

Competing interests: None.

Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned, externally peer reviewed.

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th edn. Arlington, TX: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Search PubMed
• Harrington BC, Jimerson M, Haxton C, Jimerson DC. Initial evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Am Fam Physician 2015;91(1):46–52. Search PubMed
• Fairweather-Schmidt AK, Wade TD. DSM-5 eating disorders and other specified eating and feeding disorders: Is there a meaningful differentiation? Int J Eat Disord 2014;47(5):524–33. Search PubMed
• Golden N, Katzman D, Sawyer SM, et al. Update on the medical management of eating disorders in adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2015;56(4):370–75. Search PubMed
• The Butterfly Foundation. Submission to Mental Health Commission. Crows Nest, NSW: Butterfly Foundation for Eating Disorders, 2012. Available at https://nswmentalhealthcommission.com.au/sites/default/files/TheButterflyFoundation_SubmissionMentalHealthCommissionNSW.pdf [Accessed 1 August 2017]. Search PubMed
• Hay P, Girosi F, Mond J. Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of DSM-5 eating disorders in the Australian population. J Eat Disord 2015;3:19. Search PubMed
• Yeo M, Hughes E. Eating disorders – Early identification in general practice. Aust Fam Physician 2011;40(3):108–11. Search PubMed
• Harris EC, Barraclough B. Excess mortality of mental disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1998;173:11–53. Search PubMed
• Touyz S. What kind of illness is anorexia nervosa? A clinical update. Melbourne: Australian Psychology Society, 2011. Search PubMed
• Button EJ, Chadalavada B, Palmer RL. Mortality and predictors of death in a cohort of patients presenting to an eating disorders service. Int J Eat Disord 2010;43(5):387–92. Search PubMed
• Butterfly Foundation. Paying the price: The economic and social impact of eating disorders. Melbourne: Butterfly Foundation, 2012. Available at www.thebutterflyfoundation.org.au/about-us/information-and-resources/paying-the-price [Accessed 1 August 2017]. Search PubMed
• Schmidt U, Brown A, McClelland J, Glennon D, Mountford VA. Will a comprehensive, person-centered, team-based early intervention approach to first episode illness improve outcomes in eating disorders? Int J Eat Disord 2016;49(4):374–77. Search PubMed
• Franko D, Keshaviah A, Eddy K, et al. Do mortality rates in eating disorders change over time? A longitudinal look at anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 2013;170(8):917–25. Search PubMed
• Redston S, Tiller J, Schweitzer I, et al. ‘Help us, she’s fading away’: How to manage the patient with anorexia nervosa. Aust Fam Physician 2014;43(8):531–36. Search PubMed
• Surgenor L, Maguire S. Assessment of anorexia nervosa: An overview of universal issues and contextual challenges. J Eat Disord 2013;1:29. Search PubMed
• Bjørnelv S. Eating disorders in general practice. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2014;134(21):2020–21. Search PubMed
• Gatt L, Jan S, Mondraty N, et al. The household economic burden of eating disorders and adherence to treatment in Australia. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:338. Search PubMed
• National Eating Disorders Collaboration. Eating disorders: A professional resource for general practitioners – Fact sheets. Crows Nest, NSW: National Eating Disorders Collaboration, 2014. Available at www.nedc.com.au/files/Resources//GPs%20Resource.pdf [Accessed 1 August 2017]. Search PubMed
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Eating disorder guidelines. London: NICE, 2017. Available at www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng69 [Accessed 1 August 2017]. Search PubMed
• Ali K, Farrer L, Fassnacht DB, Gulliver A, Bauer S, Griffiths KM. Perceived barriers and facilitators towards help-seeking for eating disorders: A systematic review. Int J Eat Disord 2017;50(1):9–21. Search PubMed
• Morgan JF, Reid F, Lacey JH. The SCOFF questionnaire: Assessment of a new screening tool for eating disorders. BMJ 1999;319(7223):1467–68. Search PubMed
• Hay P, Chinn D, Forbes D, et al. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of eating disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2014;48(11):977–1008. Search PubMed
• Royal Colleges of Psychiatrists, Physicians and Pathologists. MARSIPAN: Management of really sick patients with anorexia nervosa. 2nd edn. London: RCPPP, 2014. Available at www.rcpsych.ac.uk/files/pdfversion/CR189.pdf [Accessed 1 August 2017]. Search PubMed
• Cooke R, Sawyer SM. Eating disorders in adolescence. An approach to diagnosis and management. Aust Fam Physician 2004;33(1−2):27–31. Search PubMed
• Brown C, Mehler PS. Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and their treatments: An update on some critical aspects. Eat Weight Disord 2015;20(4):419–25. Search PubMed

Also in this issue: Chest pain

Printed from Australian Family Physician - https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/november/early-detection-of-eating-disorders © The Australian College of General Practitioners www.racgp.org.au

• Skip to content
• Accessibility help

Eating disorders: How should I assess a person with a suspected eating disorder?

Last revised in July 2019

How should I assess a person with a suspected eating disorder?

Diagnosis of an eating disorder is based on suggestive clinical features supported, where possible, by corroboration from a relative/carer or friend. Be aware that:

• Eating disorders can be difficult to detect in primary care as those affected may be slow to present, reluctant to disclose symptoms, or be unaware they have an eating disorder.
• A baseline eating disorder assessment tool  available on the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) website.
• 'Do you ever make yourself sick because you feel uncomfortably full?'
• 'Do you worry that you have lost control over how much you eat?'
• 'Have you recently lost more than one stone in a 3-month period?'
• 'Do you believe yourself to be fat when others say you are too thin?'
• 'Would you say that food dominates your life?'
• For adults:  MARSIPAN: Management of really sick patients with anorexia nervosa .
• For children and young people:  Junior MARSIPAN: Management of Really Sick Patients under 18 with Anorexia Nervosa .
• Severe malnutrition and purging behaviours can lead to life-threatening complications such as cardiovascular instability or severe electrolyte disturbance.
• Primary care clinicians should have a low threshold for seeking advice – emergency admission may be required.

Take a history asking about:

• Change in weight (increase, decrease, or failure to thrive).
• Dietary restriction or binge eating.
• Fear of gaining weight and body image disturbance — ask about perceived ideal weight.
• Compensatory behaviours (such as excessive exercise, purging, vomiting or use of weight loss medications) — consider insulin misuse in diabetic patients.
• Be alert for symptoms suggestive of a serious complication requiring urgent admission such as syncope, pre-syncope or severe abdominal pain.
• Co-morbidities and symptoms suggestive of an alternative cause such as inflammatory bowel disease or coeliac disease.
• Mood disorders (such as anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, and depression) and social withdrawal are often associated with eating disorders.
• Approximately 20% of deaths in people with anorexia nervosa are due to suicide.
• For more information, see the CKS topic on Child maltreatment - recognition and management .
• Alcohol and drug misuse.
• Family history of eating disorders, depression, or substance abuse.
• Medication (including over-the-counter).

Examine the person:

• Use centile charts if the person is younger than 18 years of age — it is important to make an early diagnosis in children because they are at risk of irreversible growth impairment.
• Be aware that some people may refuse to be weighed or falsify their weight by drinking large amounts of water beforehand or by hiding heavy objects in their clothes.
• Temperature (hypothermia is a red flag).
• Pulse (bradycardia for example <50 beats per minute or postural tachycardia are red flags).
• Blood pressure checking for postural differences (hypotension or orthostatic hypotension are red flags).
• Hydrations state.
• Peripheral circulation.
• The sit up test — the person lies flat on a firm surface such as the floor and has to sit up without, if possible, using their hands.
• The squat test — the person is asked to rise from a squatting position without, if possible, using their hands.
• Carry out a general examination looking for complications of eating disorders or signs suggestive of an alternative cause .

Consider the need for investigations:

• Most people with an eating disorder will have normal blood results which are a poor indicator of risk, however, some tests may be useful to rule out complications.
• Full blood count — may show anaemia from malnutrition or gastrointestinal losses, or mild leucopenia or thrombocytopenia from malnutrition.
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) — usually normal in people with anorexia, a raised ESR may indicate an organic cause of weight loss.
• Urea and electrolytes — hypokalaemia is suggestive of vomiting or laxative abuse; hyponatraemia may be a result of excess water intake. Electrolytes may be elevated due to dehydration.
• Liver function tests — may be slightly elevated from malnutrition.
• Blood glucose.
• Creatinine, and urinalysis — chronic hypokalaemia and chronic volume depletion can lead to the development of kidney disease.
• Electrocardiography (ECG) — this should be considered for all people with rapid weight loss, excessive exercise, severe purging behaviours (such as laxative or diuretic use or vomiting), bradycardia, hypotension, excessive caffeine (including from energy drinks), prescribed or non-prescribed medications, muscle weakness, electrolyte imbalance, or previous abnormal heart rhythm.
• Calcium, magnesium, phosphate.
• B12, folate and ferritin.
• Thyroid function tests.
• Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, oestradiol, prolactin and urinalysis (including pregnancy test) may be considered if presenting with amenorrhoea.
• Other investigations may be indicated if an alternative diagnosis is suspected (for example coeliac screening).

Basis for recommendation

The recommendations on how to assess a person with a suspected eating disorder are based on the clinical guidelines Junior MARSIPAN: Management of Really Sick Patients under 18 with Anorexia Nervosa [ Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2012 ],  Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of eating disorders [ Hay, 2014 ],  MARSIPAN: Management of really sick patients with anorexia nervosa. 2nd edition [ Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2014 ],  Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with eating disorders [ Lock, 2015 ] and Eating disorders: recognition and treatment [ NICE, 2017 ] and expert opinion in review articles [ Campbell, 2014 ; Zipfel, 2015 ; Allison, 2017 ; Bould, 2017b ; Bould, 2017a ; Rowe, 2017 ; Wassenaar, 2018 ].

Assessment may be normal even in acutely unwell people

• No one parameter mentioned is a good indicator of overall level of risk or illness.
• Primary care clinicians should carry out a thorough clinical assessment and have low threshold for seeking specialist advice (for example on the need for admission) [ Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2014 ; Bould, 2017a ].
• Signs of cardiac instability such as bradycardia, tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, syncope or pre-syncope are associated with increased risk of sudden unexpected cardiovascular death in this group [ Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2012 ].
• The presence of oedema is usually multifactorial and reflects hypoalbuminaemia, nutritional deficiency, congestive cardiac failure or refeeding syndrome [ Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2012 ].
• Be aware that normal and cut-off physiological parameters such as blood pressure vary with age, and danger thresholds differ significantly for children and adults [ Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2012 ].

Collateral history

• Input from others is especially helpful as people with eating disorders may be reluctant to disclose information, minimise symptoms and/or have poor insight into their condition.
• Respect Gillick competence if a young person under 16 does not want family members or carers involved [ NICE, 2017 ].

Screening tools

• The Royal College of Psychiatrists recommend using the SCOFF questionnaire as a screening tool as although it is only validated only in adults it can also provide a framework for screening in children [ Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2012 ].
• NICE recommend that screening tools (such as SCOFF) should not be used as the sole method of identifying an eating disorder [ NICE, 2017 ].

Ask about co-morbidities

• Expert opinion in guidelines [ Hay, 2014 ; NICE, 2017 ; Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2019 ] and review articles [ Bould, 2015 ; Zipfel, 2015 ; Bould, 2017a ] is that people with suspected eating disorders must be assessed for mood disorders, substance misuse and risk of self-harm or suicide.
• Up to 75% of people with anorexia nervosa are reported to have an associated mood disorder (most commonly depression), 5–75% have a history of at least one anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder occurs in 15–29% [ Zipfel, 2015 ].
• Approximately 20% of deaths in people with anorexia nervosa are due to suicide [ NICE, 2017 ].
• People with diabetes who have an eating disorder are at increased risk of serious complications. Guidance from NICE recommends risk management as the first consideration [ NICE, 2017 ].

Investigations

The recommendations on which investigations to consider in primary care are based on clinical guidelines [ Hay, 2014 ; Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2014 ; NICE, 2017 ] and expert opinion in review articles [ Zipfel, 2015 ; Bould, 2017a ; Rowe, 2017 ; Wassenaar, 2018 ].

• As many test results remain normal even with extreme weight loss and when the person is acutely unwell a low threshold for seeking advice on further assessment or the need for admission to hospital is required.

The content on the NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries site (CKS) is the copyright of Clarity Informatics Limited (trading as Agilio Software Primary Care) . By using CKS, you agree to the licence set out in the CKS End User Licence Agreement .

• Patient Care & Health Information
• Tests & Procedures
• Complete blood count (CBC)

A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test. It's used to look at overall health and find a wide range of conditions, including anemia, infection and leukemia.

A complete blood count test measures the following:

• Red blood cells, which carry oxygen
• White blood cells, which fight infection
• Hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells
• Hematocrit, the amount of red blood cells in the blood
• Platelets, which help blood to clot

A complete blood count can show unusual increases or decreases in cell counts. Those changes might point to a medical condition that calls for more testing.

Products & Services

• A Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition
• Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter — Digital Edition

Why it's done

A complete blood count is a common blood test done for many reasons:

• To look at overall health. A complete blood count can be part of a medical exam to check general health and to look for conditions, such as anemia or leukemia.
• To diagnose a medical condition. A complete blood count can help find the cause of symptoms such as weakness, fatigue and fever. It also can help find the cause of swelling and pain, bruising, or bleeding.
• To check on a medical condition. A complete blood count can help keep an eye on conditions that affect blood cell counts.
• To check on medical treatment. A complete blood count may be used to keep an eye on treatment with medicines that affect blood cell counts and radiation.

More Information

• Anorexia nervosa
• Antisocial personality disorder
• Breast cancer
• Burning mouth syndrome
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia
• Colon cancer
• Cyclothymia (cyclothymic disorder)
• Depression (major depressive disorder)
• Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)
• Fibromyalgia
• Gilbert syndrome
• Hairy cell leukemia
• Heart disease
• High blood pressure in children
• Illness anxiety disorder
• Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
• Kawasaki disease
• Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS)
• Multiple myeloma
• Myelodysplastic syndromes
• Myelofibrosis
• Personality disorders
• Polycythemia vera
• Post-vasectomy pain syndrome
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Thalassemia
• Thrombocytosis
• Tonsillitis
• Uterine fibroids

There is a problem with information submitted for this request. Review/update the information highlighted below and resubmit the form.

From Mayo Clinic to your inbox

Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Click here for an email preview.

Error Email field is required

Error Include a valid email address

To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information. If we combine this information with your protected health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of privacy practices. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the e-mail.

Thank you for subscribing!

You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox.

Sorry something went wrong with your subscription

Please, try again in a couple of minutes

How you prepare

If your blood sample is being tested only for a complete blood count, you can eat and drink as usual before the test. If your blood sample also will be used for other tests, you might need to fast for a certain amount of time before the test. Ask your health care provider what you need to do.

What you can expect

For a complete blood count, a member of the health care team takes a sample of blood by putting a needle into a vein in your arm, usually at the bend in your elbow. The blood sample is sent to a lab. After the test, you can return to your usual activities right away.

The following are expected complete blood count results for adults. The blood is measured in cells per liter (cells/L) or grams per deciliter (grams/dL).

Not a definitive test

A complete blood count, also called a CBC , usually doesn't give all the answers about a diagnosis. Results outside the expected range may or may not need follow-up. A health care provider might need to look at the results of other tests as well as the results of a CBC .

For example, results slightly outside the typical range on a CBC might not be of concern for someone who's healthy and has no symptoms of illness. Follow-up might not be needed. But for someone having cancer treatment, the results of a CBC outside the expected range might signal a need to change the treatment.

In some cases, for results that are way above or below the expected ranges, a health care provider might ask you to see a doctor who treats blood disorders, called a hematologist.

What the results may indicate

Results in the following areas above or below the typical ranges on a complete blood count might point to a problem.

Red blood cell count, hemoglobin and hematocrit. The results of these three are related because they each measure a feature of red blood cells.

Lower than usual measures in these three areas are a sign of anemia. Anemia has many causes. They include low levels of certain vitamins or iron, blood loss, or another medical condition. People with anemia might feel weak or tired. These symptoms may be due to the anemia itself or the cause of anemia.

A red blood cell count that's higher than usual is known as erythrocytosis. A high red blood cell count or high hemoglobin or hematocrit levels could point to a medical condition such as blood cancer or heart disease.

White blood cell count. A low white blood cell count is known as leukopenia. A medical condition such as an autoimmune disorder that destroys white blood cells, bone marrow problems or cancer might be the cause. Certain medicines also can cause a drop in white blood cell counts.

A white blood cell count that's higher than usual most commonly is due to an infection or inflammation. Or it could point to an immune system disorder or a bone marrow disease. A high white blood cell count also can be a reaction to medicines or hard exercise.

• Platelet count. A platelet count that's lower than usual is known as thrombocytopenia. If it's higher than usual, it's known as thrombocytosis. Either can be a sign of a medical condition or a side effect from medicine. A platelet count that's outside the typical range will likely lead to more tests to diagnose the cause.

Your health care provider can tell you what your complete blood count results mean.

• Butte MJ. Laboratory evaluation of the immune system. https://www.uptodate.com/contents search. Accessed Oct. 20, 2022.
• CBC with differential, blood. Mayo Medical Laboratories. http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/9109. Accessed Oct. 20, 2022.
• Understanding blood counts. Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. https://www.lls.org/treatment/lab-and-imaging-tests/understanding-blood-counts. Accessed Oct. 20, 2022.
• Understanding your complete blood count (CBC) tests. American Society of Clinical Oncology. https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/diagnosing-cancer/reports-and-results/understanding-your-complete-blood-count-cbc-tests. Accessed Oct. 20, 2022.
• Hoffman R, et al. Resources for the hematologist: Interpretive comments and selective reference values for neonatal, pediatric and adult populations. In: Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2018. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Oct. 20, 2022.
• Blood Basics
• Microcephaly
• Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)

Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission.

• Opportunities

Mayo Clinic Press

Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press .

• Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press Mayo Clinic on Incontinence
• The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press The Essential Diabetes Book
• Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance
• FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment
• Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book

Your gift holds great power – donate today!

Make your tax-deductible gift and be a part of the cutting-edge research and care that's changing medicine.

Should You Use Blood Tests to Detect Anorexia?

All areas of health – physical, psychological, emotional – must be evaluated in order to arrive at a proper diagnosis.

Blood tests can be helpful when assessing the physical state of the patient, especially for the purposes of getting the individual immediate medical attention if there are serious health problems present.

Common lab tests

The types of lab tests may vary depending on the decisions of your doctor, but could include: a complete blood count (CBC), which measures white and red blood cell count; a comprehensive metabolic panel, which assesses the state of the kidneys, liver and blood sugar; a liver panel, which tests for liver enzyme levels; or a lipid profile, which counts cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

If routine tests do not give your physician enough information, more tests may be ordered.

Psychological evaluation

The health of your blood may tell part of the story when it comes to anorexia, but your doctor will probably also recommend that you undergo a psychological evaluation as well.

Anorexia is considered a mental health disorder, which means treatment will include not just nutritional or medical therapies, but also psychological therapies.

Other considerations

It should be noted that anorexia is not something that can be simply “detected” with blood tests. A physician must look at the total picture of your health to make a diagnosis – and he or she must take into account medical diagnostic criteria.

In some cases, symptoms of anorexia may indicate some other type of mental health or physical problem – in which case your doctor may want to perform a full physical exam, test your heart for irregularities or send you to get X-rays to check your bone density.

If anorexia is indicated, blood work will help reveal what nutritional deficiencies or medical issues may need to be addressed in order to put you on the path to recovery.

Source: Mayo Clinic , Maudsley Parents

Find a Treatment Facility Near You

Click on a state below to find eating disorder treatment options that could be right for you.

• Connecticut
• Massachusetts
• Mississippi
• New Hampshire
• North Carolina
• North Dakota
• Pennsylvania
• Rhode Island
• South Carolina
• South Dakota
• Washington, D.C.
• West Virginia

Where do calls go?

Calls to numbers on a specific treatment center listing will be routed to that treatment center. Calls to any general helpline (non-facility specific 1-8XX numbers) will be answered or returned by one of the treatment providers listed below, each of which is a paid advertiser:

ARK Behavioral Health

By calling the helpline you agree to the terms of use . We do not receive any commission or fee that is dependent upon which treatment provider a caller chooses. There is no obligation to enter treatment.

We Have No Drugs to Treat the Deadliest Eating Disorder

There are pills for bulimia and binge-eating disorder. Why not anorexia?

Updated at 12:21 p.m. on September 8, 2023

In the 1970s, they tried lithium . Then it was zinc and THC . Anti-anxiety drugs had their turn. So did Prozac and SSRIs and atypical antidepressants . Nothing worked. Patients with anorexia were still unable to bring themselves to eat, still stuck in rigid thought patterns, still chillingly underweight.

A few years ago, a group led by Evelyn Attia, the director of the Center for Eating Disorders at New York Presbyterian Hospital and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, tried giving patients an antipsychotic drug called olanzapine , normally used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and known to cause weight gain as a side effect. Those patients in her study who were on olanzapine increased their BMI a bit more than others who were taking a placebo, but the two groups showed no difference in their cognitive and psychological symptoms. This was the only medication trial for treating anorexia that has shown any positive effect at all, Attia told me, and even then, the effects were “very modest.”

Despite nearly half a century of attempts, no pill or shot has been identified to effectively treat anorexia nervosa. Anorexia is well known to be the deadliest eating disorder; the only psychiatric diagnosis with a higher death rate is opioid-use disorder. A 2020 review found people who have been hospitalized for the disease are more than five times likelier to die than their peers without it. The National Institutes of Health has devoted more than $100 million over the past decade to studying anorexia, yet researchers have not found a single compound that reliably helps people with the disorder.

Other eating disorders aren’t nearly so resistant to treatment. The FDA has approved fluoxetine (a.k.a. Prozac) to treat bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder (BED); doctors prescribe additional SSRIs off-label to treat both conditions, with a fair rate of success. An ADHD drug, Vyvanse, was approved for BED within two years of the disorder’s official recognition. But when it comes to anorexia, “we’ve tried, I don’t know, eight or 10 fundamentally different kinds of approaches without much in the way of success,” says Scott Crow, an adjunct psychology professor at the University of Minnesota and the vice president of psychiatry for Accanto Health.

The discrepancy is puzzling to anorexia specialists and researchers. “We don’t fully understand why medications work so differently in this group, and boy, do they ever work differently,” Attia told me. Still, experts have some ideas. Over the past few decades, they have been learning about the changes in brain activity that accompany anorexia. For example, Walter Kaye, the founder and executive director of the Eating Disorders Program at UC San Diego, told me that the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine , both of which are involved in the brain’s reward system, seem to act differently in anorexia patients.

Perhaps some underlying differences in brain chemistry and function play a role in anorexia patients’ extreme aversion to eating. Or perhaps, the experts I spoke with suggested, these brain changes are at least in part a result of patients’ malnourishment. People with anorexia suffer from many effects of malnutrition: Their bones are more brittle; their brain is smaller ; their heart beats slower; their breath comes shorter; their wounds fail to heal. Maybe their neurons respond differently to psychoactive drugs too.

Read: The challenge of treating anorexia in adults

Psychiatrists have found that many patients with anorexia don’t improve with treatment even when medicines are prescribed for conditions other than their eating disorder. If an anorexia patient also has anxiety, for example, taking an anti-anxiety drug would likely fail to relieve either set of symptoms, Attia told me. “Time and again, investigators have found very little or no difference between active medication and placebo in randomized controlled trials,” she said. The fact that fluoxetine seems to help anorexia patients avoid relapse—but only when it’s given after they’ve regained a healthy weight—also supports the notion that malnourished brains don’t respond so well to psychoactive medication. (In that case, the effect might be especially acute for people with anorexia nervosa, because they tend to have lower BMIs than people with other eating disorders.)

Why exactly this would be true remains a mystery. Attia noted that proteins and certain fats have been shown to be crucial for brain function; get too little of either, and the brain might not respond to drugs in expected ways. Both she and Kaye suggested a possible role for tryptophan, an amino acid that humans get only from food. Tryptophan is converted into serotonin (among other things) when we release insulin after a meal, Kaye said, but in anorexia patients, whose insulin levels tend to be low, that process could end up off-kilter. “We suspect that that might be the reason why [SSRIs] don’t work very well,” he said, though he emphasized that the theory is very speculative.

In the absence of meaningful pharmacologic intervention, doctors who treat anorexia rely on methods such as nutrition counseling and psychotherapy. But even non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy , are more effective at treating bulimia and binge-eating disorder than anorexia. Studies from around the world have shown that as many as half of people with anorexia relapse .

Colleen Clarkin Schreyer, a clinical psychologist at Johns Hopkins University, sees both patients with anorexia nervosa and those with bulimia nervosa, and told me that the former can be more difficult to treat—“but not just because of the fact that we don’t have any medication to help us along. I often find that patients with anorexia nervosa are more ambivalent about making behavior change.” Bulimia patients, she said, tend to feel shame about their condition, because binge eating is stigmatized and, well, no one likes vomit. But anorexia patients might be praised for skipping meals or rapidly losing weight, despite the fact that their behaviors can be just as dangerous over the long term as binging and vomiting.

Read: Raising a daughter with a body like mine

Researchers are still trying to find substances that can help anorexia patients. Crow told me that case studies testing a synthetic version of leptin , a naturally occurring human hormone, have produced interesting data. Meanwhile, some early research into using psychedelics, including ketamine , psilocybin , and ayahuasca , suggests that they may relieve some symptoms in some cases. But until randomized, controlled trials are conducted, we won’t know whether or how well any psychedelic really works. Kaye is currently recruiting participants for such a study of psilocybin, which is planned to have multiple sites in the U.S. and Europe.

Pharmaceutical companies just don’t seem that enthusiastic about testing treatments for anorexia, Crow said. “I think that drug makers have taken to heart the message that the mortality is high” among anorexia patients, he told me, and thus avoid the risk of having deaths occur during their clinical trials. And drug development isn’t the only area where the study of anorexia has fallen short. Research on eating disorders tends to be underfunded on the whole, Crow said. That stems, in part, from “a widely prevailing belief that this is something that people could or should just stop … I wish that were how it works, frankly. But it’s not.”

This article previously suggested that drugs are metabolized in the brain. In fact, they are metabolized mostly in the liver.

[Variation in serum nonesterified fatty acids during glucose tolerance test in undernourished patients with anorexia nervosa and in obese patients]

• PMID: 194319

Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (0,33 g glucose per kg body weight) are performed in 11 self starved women suffering from anorexia nervosa, 10 obese and 8 normal women. They have no genetic or chemical diabetes and belong to the same age group. Plasma concentrations of immuno-reactive insuline (IRI) and non esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are determined during these tests. The basal concentrations of NEFA are very high in the obese patients. In the starved women the elevation of the basal plasma NEFA concentration is less striking and statistically not significant. The plasma level of NEFA is reduced in all subjects by hyperinsulinism secondary to hyperglycemia. This drop in NEFA concentration is significantly reduced in the obese patients and markedly inhibited in the starved women. This observation points toward an increased resistance to the antilipolytic action of insulin in anorexia nervosa because, in these patients, the glucose load determines a normal increase in plasma IRI but the fall in plasma NEFA concentration is severely impaired.

Publication types

• English Abstract
• Anorexia Nervosa / blood*
• Blood Proteins / analysis
• Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / blood*
• Glucose Tolerance Test
• Insulin / blood
• Obesity / blood*
• Blood Proteins
• Fatty Acids, Nonesterified

Anorexia Nervosa Market to Propel by 2032, Predicts DelveInsight | Key Companies - Amgen, COMPASS Pathways, Homeostasis, Benuvia, Artelo Biosciences, RaQualia, Receptor Life Sciences, Pfizer

The overall anorexia nervosa market is expected to boost due to rising prevalence cases over the globe and thus the surge in treatment options. Along with the expected launch of emerging therapy, the anorexia nervosa treatment market can boost during the forecasted period (2023–2032).

New Delhi, INDIA

New York, USA, Sept. 07, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Anorexia Nervosa Market to Propel by 2032, Predicts DelveInsight | Key Companies - Amgen, COMPASS Pathways, Homeostasis, Benuvia, Artelo Biosciences, RaQualia, Receptor Life Sciences, Pfizer

DelveInsight’s Anorexia Nervosa Market Insights report includes a comprehensive understanding of current treatment practices, anorexia nervosa emerging drugs, market share of individual therapies, and current and forecasted market size from 2019 to 2032, segmented into 7MM [the United States, the EU-4 (Italy, Spain, France, and Germany), the United Kingdom, and Japan].

Key Takeaways from the Anorexia Nervosa Market Report

• As per DelveInsight’s analysis, the anorexia nervosa market size was found to be ~USD 63 million in 2021 and it is anticipated to grow at a significant CAGR by 2032.
• As per the DelveInsight estimates, in 2021, there were approximately 1.6 million prevalent cases of anorexia nervosa in the 7MM. These cases are expected to increase during the forecast period.  
• Globally, leading anorexia nervosa companies such as Amgen, COMPASS Pathways, Homeostasis Therapeutics, LLC, Benuvia Therapeutics, Artelo Biosciences, RaQualia Pharma, Receptor Life Sciences, Pfizer, and others are developing novel anorexia nervosa drugs that can be available in the anorexia nervosa market in the coming years.
• Some of the key therapies for anorexia nervosa treatment include Psilocybin, Ketamine, Romosozumab , and others. 

Discover which therapies are expected to grab the major anorexia nervosa market share @ Anorexia Nervosa Market Report

Anorexia Nervosa Overview

Anorexia nervosa is a complex and potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, and severe self-imposed dietary restrictions. The causes of anorexia nervosa are multifaceted, combining genetic, environmental, psychological, and societal factors. Genetic predisposition might contribute to a vulnerability to developing the disorder, but environmental triggers such as societal pressure for thinness, cultural ideals, and family dynamics can play a significant role. 

Symptoms of anorexia nervosa include a relentless pursuit of thinness, excessive exercise, an obsession with calorie counting, a refusal to maintain healthy body weight, and an intense preoccupation with body shape and size. People with anorexia often perceive themselves as overweight, even when they are underweight, which contributes to their restrictive eating behaviors.

Diagnosing anorexia nervosa involves a thorough assessment by a healthcare professional, usually a psychiatrist or psychologist. This assessment typically includes evaluating the individual’s eating habits, thoughts, and emotions related to food and body image. Physical examinations, blood tests, and assessments of vital signs may also be conducted to determine the severity of malnutrition and overall health.

Anorexia Nervosa Epidemiology Segmentation

The anorexia nervosa epidemiology section provides insights into the historical and current anorexia nervosa patient pool and forecasted trends for the seven individual major countries. It helps recognize the causes of current and forecasted trends by exploring numerous studies and views of key opinion leaders.

The anorexia nervosa market report proffers epidemiological analysis for the study period 2019–2032 in the 7MM segmented into:

• Anorexia Nervosa Prevalent Cases
• Anorexia Nervosa Diagnosed Prevalent Cases
• Anorexia Nervosa Gender-specific Diagnosed Prevalent Cases  

Download the report to understand which factors are driving anorexia nervosa epidemiology trends @ Anorexia Nervosa Epidemiological Insights

Anorexia Nervosa Treatment Market 

Anorexia nervosa treatment is a complex journey that requires a holistic approach to address its physical, emotional, and mental aspects. The restoration of weight and nutritional balance is typically the initial priority, involving close medical supervision to manage potential complications like electrolyte imbalances and heart issues. Collaborating with a skilled dietitian, individuals learn about proper nutrition, portion control, and meal planning, gradually rebuilding a healthy relationship with food.

However, the psychological dimensions of anorexia nervosa are equally crucial. Therapies like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) help individuals challenge and reframe distorted thoughts about body image and self-worth. Psychodynamic therapy delves into underlying emotional conflicts, while mindfulness techniques cultivate self-awareness and emotional regulation. Group therapy can provide a sense of community and shared understanding, reducing feelings of isolation.

Family involvement is often pivotal, especially in cases of adolescent patients. Family-based therapy empowers families to create a supportive environment, emphasizing communication and understanding. Addressing the interpersonal dynamics that contribute to the disorder helps foster a healthier family dynamic that supports sustained recovery. Furthermore, psychiatric evaluation and treatment may be necessary to manage co-occurring conditions like depression, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive tendencies. Medications can play a role in stabilizing mood and reducing anxiety, complementing the therapeutic process.

Long-term success in anorexia nervosa treatment hinges on continuous support. Recovery is a gradual process, and relapses may occur. Thus, establishing a robust aftercare plan, which includes regular check-ups, ongoing therapy, and support groups, is crucial to maintain progress and prevent setbacks. The ultimate goal of anorexia nervosa treatment is not only physical healing but also the restoration of mental and emotional well-being, empowering individuals to reclaim their lives and establish a balanced, healthy relationship with themselves and food.

To know more about anorexia nervosa treatment, visit @ Anorexia Nervosa Treatment Drugs  

Key Anorexia Nervosa Therapies and Companies

• Psilocybin: COMPASS Pathways
• Ketamine: Homeostasis Therapeutics, LLC
• Romosozumab: Amgen

Learn more about the FDA-approved drugs for anorexia nervosa @ Drugs for Anorexia Nervosa Treatment  

Anorexia Nervosa Market Dynamics

The market dynamics surrounding anorexia nervosa, a serious and potentially life-threatening eating disorder, are complex and multifaceted. The healthcare industry dedicated to treating and addressing anorexia nervosa is influenced by a combination of medical, psychological, and societal factors . The demand for effective treatments, including therapy, nutritional counseling, and medical intervention, drives innovation and research in the field. Awareness campaigns and increasing mental health advocacy have contributed to a growing recognition of the disorder, potentially leading to higher rates of diagnosis and treatment-seeking. As most guidelines encourage using medication therapy in conjunction with psychotherapies, drug development companies can create unique treatment packages that incorporate both drugs and psychotherapies.

However, there are certain factors that will hamper th growth of the anorexia nervosa market. There is a scarcity of trainers or professionals to speak with patients and raise public awareness about anorexia nervosa. Inadequate and ambiguous data to accurately quantify anorexia nervosa cases. Moreover, the anorexia nervosa market is also challenged by stigma, and the need for ongoing patient support. The evolving understanding of the underlying neurobiological and genetic components further shapes the landscape, fostering collaborations between pharmaceutical companies, researchers, and healthcare providers to develop targeted interventions. As anorexia nervosa market dynamics continue to shift, a holistic approach encompassing medical advances, public awareness, and comprehensive care models remains crucial in addressing the challenges posed by anorexia nervosa.

Scope of the Anorexia Nervosa Market Report

• Therapeutic Assessment: Anorexia Nervosa current marketed and emerging therapies
• Anorexia Nervosa Market Dynamics: Attribute Analysis of Emerging Anorexia Nervosa Drugs
• Competitive Intelligence Analysis: SWOT analysis and Market entry strategies
• Unmet Needs, KOL’s views, Analyst’s views, Anorexia Nervosa Market Access and Reimbursement

Discover more about anorexia nervosa drugs in development @ Anorexia Nervosa Clinical Trials

Table of Contents

Related Reports

Anorexia Epidemiology Forecast

Anorexia Epidemiology Forecast – 2032 report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted anorexia epidemiology in the 7MM, i.e., the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan.

Anorexia Pipeline

Anorexia Pipeline Insight – 2023 report provides comprehensive insights about the pipeline landscape, pipeline drug profiles, including clinical and non-clinical stage products, and the key anorexia companies including Amgen, COMPASS Pathways, Benuvia Therapeutics, Artelo Biosciences, RaQualia Pharma, Receptor Life Sciences, Pfizer, among others.

Cancer Anorexia Market

Cancer Anorexia Market Insights, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast – 2032 report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted epidemiology, as well as the market trends, market drivers, market barriers, and key cancer anorexia companies, including Helsinn Healthcare, Artelo Biosciences, NGM Biopharmaceuticals , among others.

Cancer Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome Market

Cancer Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome Market Insights, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast – 2032 report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted epidemiology, as well as the market trends, market drivers, market barriers, and key cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome companies, including Helsinn Healthcare, Artelo Biosciences, NGM Biopharmaceuticals , among others.

Cancer Anorexia Epidemiology Forecast

Cancer Anorexia Epidemiology Forecast – 2032 report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted cancer anorexia epidemiology in the 7MM, i.e., the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan.

Other Trending Reports

Digestive System Fistula Market | Dementia With Diabetes Market | Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Market | Pecoma Market | Adamantinoma Market | Pegfilgrastim Biosimilar Insight | Functional Constipation Market | DDR Defective Tumors Market | Nephrotic Syndrome Pipeline | Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease Market | Hepatic Impairment Market | Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Market | Surgical Bleeding Market | Radiotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis Market | Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia CLL Market | Galactosemia Market | Glabellar Lines Market | Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia Market | HR Positive/ HER2 Negative Breast Cancer Market | Lebers Hereditary Optic Neuropathy LHON Market | Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease NAFLD Market | Orthotic Devices Market | Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy Market | Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis Market | Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Market | Acid Sphingomyelinase Deficiency ASMD Market | B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Market | Coccidioidomycosis Market | Frontotemporal Dementia Pipeline | Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis Market | Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Market | Nocturnal Enuresis Market | Postmyocardial Infarction Syndrome Market | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Sars Coronavirus Infection Market | Typhoid Fever Market | Ventricular Dysfunction Market | Burkitt Lymphoma Market | Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Market | Emesis Market | Fenebrutinib Market | Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors Market | Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Market | Persistent Epithelial Defects Market | Post-Polycythemia Vera Myelofibrosis Market | Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma Market | Spinocerebellar Ataxias Market | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Market | Triple Negative Breast Cancer Market | Visceral Pain Associated With GI Disorders Market | Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Market | Adrenal Insufficiency Market | Artificial Lung Devices Market | Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis AKC Market | Autonomic Dysfunction Market | Bradycardia Treatment Devices Market | Bullous Pemphigoid Market | Cone Rod Dystrophy Market | Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Market | Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Like 5 Deficiency Disorder Market | Dermal Regeneration Matrix Market | Heart Pump Devices Market | Hemiplegia Market | Hepatic Impairement Market | Immunologic Deficiency Syndrome Market | Implantable Infusion Pump Market | Menorrhalgia Market Size | Myocarditis Market | Myopia Treatment Devices Market | Ocular Hypertension Market 

Related Healthcare Services

Healthcare Consulting

Healthcare Competitive Intelligence Services

Healthcare Asset Prioritization Services

About DelveInsight

DelveInsight is a leading Business Consultant and Market Research firm focused exclusively on life sciences. It supports pharma companies by providing comprehensive end-to-end solutions to improve their performance. Get hassle-free access to all the healthcare and pharma market research reports through our subscription-based platform PharmDelve .

Connect with us on LinkedIn | Facebook | Twitter

Related Links

• Multiple Myeloma Market
• Gene And Cell Therapies In Rare Disorder Market
• Antibody-drug Conjugates in Oncology Competitive Landscape
• KRAS Inhibitors Market
• Glaucoma Market

Contact Data

• Get Benzinga Pro
• Data & APIs
• Our Services
• News Earnings Guidance Dividends M&A Buybacks Legal Interviews Management Offerings IPOs Insider Trades Biotech/FDA Freight Politics Government Healthcare
• Markets Pre-Market After Hours Movers ETFs Forex Cannabis Commodities Options Binary Options Bonds Futures CME Group Global Economics Previews Small-Cap Cryptocurrency Penny Stocks Digital Securities Volatility
• Ratings Analyst Color Downgrades Upgrades Initiations Price Target
• Ideas Trade Ideas Covey Trade Ideas Long Ideas Short Ideas Technicals From The Press Jim Cramer Rumors Best Stocks & ETFs Best Penny Stocks Best S&P 500 ETFs Best Swing Trade Stocks Best Blue Chip Stocks Best High-Volume Penny Stocks Best Small Cap ETFs Best Stocks to Day Trade Best REITs
• Yield How to Buy Corporate Bonds How to Buy Treasury Bonds How to Invest in Real Estate Online
• Money Compare Online Brokers Stock Brokers Forex Brokers Futures Brokers Crypto Brokers Options Brokers ETF Brokers Mutual Fund Brokers Index Fund Brokers Bond Brokers Short Selling Brokers Stock Apps All Broker Reviews Insurance Auto Home Medicare Life Vision Dental Business Pet Health Motorcycle Renters Workers Comp Top Stocks Penny Stocks Stocks Under $5 Stocks Under $10 Stocks Under $20 Stocks Under $50 Stocks Under $100 Alternative Investing Invest in Art Invest in Watches Invest in Land Invest in Real Estate Invest in Wine Invest in Gold Mortgages Refinance Purchase Find a Mortgage Broker
• Alts Alternative Investment Platforms REITs Versus Crowdfunding How to Invest in Artwork How to Invest in Jewelry Best Real Estate Crowdfunding Platforms Best Alternative Investments Best Alternative Investment Platforms
• Crypto Get Started Is Bitcoin a Good Investment? Is Ethereum a Good Investment? What is Blockchain Best Altcoins How to Buy Cryptocurrency? DeFi Crypto and DeFi 101 What is DeFi? Decentralized Exchanges Best DeFi Yield Farms Digital Securities NFTs NFT Release Calendar What is a Non-Fungible Token (NFT)? How to Buy Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) CryptoPunks Watchlist Are NFTs a Scam or a Digital Bubble? Best In Crypto Best Crypto Apps Best Crypto Portfolio Trackers Best Crypto Day Trading Strategies Best Crypto IRA Best Cryptocurrency Scanners Best Business Crypto Accounts Best Crypto Screeners
• Cannabis Cannabis Conference News Earnings Interviews Deals Regulations Psychedelics

Anorexia Nervosa Market is expected to grow by 2032, Predicts DelveInsight | Key Companies – Amgen, COMPASS Pathways, Homeostasis, Benuvia, Artelo Biosciences, RaQualia, Receptor Life Sciences, Pfizer

The overall anorexia nervosa market is expected to boost due to rising prevalence cases over the globe and thus the surge in treatment options. Along with the expected launch of emerging therapy, the anorexia nervosa treatment market can boost during the forecasted period (2023–2032).

DelveInsight’s  Anorexia Nervosa Market Insights  report includes a comprehensive understanding of current treatment practices, anorexia nervosa emerging drugs, market share of individual therapies, and current and forecasted market size from 2019 to 2032, segmented into 7MM [the United States, the EU-4 (Italy, Spain, France, and Germany), the United Kingdom, and Japan].

Key Takeaways from the Anorexia Nervosa Market Report

• As per DelveInsight’s analysis, the anorexia nervosa market size was found to be ~USD 63 million in 2021 and it is anticipated to grow at a significant CAGR by 2032.
• As per the DelveInsight estimates, in 2021, there were approximately 1.6 million prevalent cases of anorexia nervosa in the 7MM. These cases are expected to increase during the forecast period.  
• Globally, leading anorexia nervosa companies such as Amgen, COMPASS Pathways, Homeostasis Therapeutics, LLC, Benuvia Therapeutics, Artelo Biosciences, RaQualia Pharma, Receptor Life Sciences, Pfizer, and others are developing novel anorexia nervosa drugs that can be available in the anorexia nervosa market in the coming years.
• Some of the key therapies for anorexia nervosa treatment include Psilocybin, Ketamine, Romosozumab, and others. 

Discover which therapies are expected to grab the major anorexia nervosa market share @  Anorexia Nervosa Market Report

Anorexia Nervosa Overview

Anorexia nervosa is a complex and potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, and severe self-imposed dietary restrictions. The causes of anorexia nervosa are multifaceted, combining genetic, environmental, psychological, and societal factors. Genetic predisposition might contribute to a vulnerability to developing the disorder, but environmental triggers such as societal pressure for thinness, cultural ideals, and family dynamics can play a significant role. 

Symptoms of anorexia nervosa include a relentless pursuit of thinness, excessive exercise, an obsession with calorie counting, a refusal to maintain healthy body weight, and an intense preoccupation with body shape and size. People with anorexia often perceive themselves as overweight, even when they are underweight, which contributes to their restrictive eating behaviors.

Diagnosing anorexia nervosa involves a thorough assessment by a healthcare professional, usually a psychiatrist or psychologist. This assessment typically includes evaluating the individual’s eating habits, thoughts, and emotions related to food and body image. Physical examinations, blood tests, and assessments of vital signs may also be conducted to determine the severity of malnutrition and overall health.

Anorexia Nervosa Epidemiology Segmentation

The anorexia nervosa epidemiology section provides insights into the historical and current anorexia nervosa patient pool and forecasted trends for the seven individual major countries. It helps recognize the causes of current and forecasted trends by exploring numerous studies and views of key opinion leaders.

The anorexia nervosa market report proffers epidemiological analysis for the study period 2019–2032 in the 7MM segmented into:

• Anorexia Nervosa Prevalent Cases
• Anorexia Nervosa Diagnosed Prevalent Cases
• Anorexia Nervosa Gender-specific Diagnosed Prevalent Cases  

Download the report to understand which factors are driving anorexia nervosa epidemiology trends @  Anorexia Nervosa Epidemiological Insights

Anorexia Nervosa Treatment Market 

Anorexia nervosa treatment is a complex journey that requires a holistic approach to address its physical, emotional, and mental aspects. The restoration of weight and nutritional balance is typically the initial priority, involving close medical supervision to manage potential complications like electrolyte imbalances and heart issues. Collaborating with a skilled dietitian, individuals learn about proper nutrition, portion control, and meal planning, gradually rebuilding a healthy relationship with food.

However, the psychological dimensions of anorexia nervosa are equally crucial. Therapies like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) help individuals challenge and reframe distorted thoughts about body image and self-worth. Psychodynamic therapy delves into underlying emotional conflicts, while mindfulness techniques cultivate self-awareness and emotional regulation. Group therapy can provide a sense of community and shared understanding, reducing feelings of isolation.

Family involvement is often pivotal, especially in cases of adolescent patients. Family-based therapy empowers families to create a supportive environment, emphasizing communication and understanding. Addressing the interpersonal dynamics that contribute to the disorder helps foster a healthier family dynamic that supports sustained recovery. Furthermore, psychiatric evaluation and treatment may be necessary to manage co-occurring conditions like depression, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive tendencies. Medications can play a role in stabilizing mood and reducing anxiety, complementing the therapeutic process.

Long-term success in anorexia nervosa treatment hinges on continuous support. Recovery is a gradual process, and relapses may occur. Thus, establishing a robust aftercare plan, which includes regular check-ups, ongoing therapy, and support groups, is crucial to maintain progress and prevent setbacks. The ultimate goal of anorexia nervosa treatment is not only physical healing but also the restoration of mental and emotional well-being, empowering individuals to reclaim their lives and establish a balanced, healthy relationship with themselves and food.

To know more about anorexia nervosa treatment, visit @ Anorexia Nervosa Treatment Drugs 

Key Anorexia Nervosa Therapies and Companies

• Psilocybin: COMPASS Pathways
• Ketamine: Homeostasis Therapeutics, LLC
• Romosozumab: Amgen

Learn more about the FDA-approved drugs for anorexia nervosa @  Drugs for Anorexia Nervosa Treatment

Anorexia Nervosa Market Dynamics

The market dynamics surrounding anorexia nervosa, a serious and potentially life-threatening eating disorder, are complex and multifaceted. The healthcare industry dedicated to treating and addressing anorexia nervosa is influenced by a combination of medical, psychological, and societal factors. The demand for effective treatments, including therapy, nutritional counseling, and medical intervention, drives innovation and research in the field. Awareness campaigns and increasing mental health advocacy have contributed to a growing recognition of the disorder, potentially leading to higher rates of diagnosis and treatment-seeking. As most guidelines encourage using medication therapy in conjunction with psychotherapies, drug development companies can create unique treatment packages that incorporate both drugs and psychotherapies.

However, there are certain factors that will hamper th growth of the anorexia nervosa market. There is a scarcity of trainers or professionals to speak with patients and raise public awareness about anorexia nervosa. Inadequate and ambiguous data to accurately quantify anorexia nervosa cases. Moreover, the anorexia nervosa market is also challenged by stigma, and the need for ongoing patient support. The evolving understanding of the underlying neurobiological and genetic components further shapes the landscape, fostering collaborations between pharmaceutical companies, researchers, and healthcare providers to develop targeted interventions. As anorexia nervosa market dynamics continue to shift, a holistic approach encompassing medical advances, public awareness, and comprehensive care models remains crucial in addressing the challenges posed by anorexia nervosa.

Scope of the Anorexia Nervosa Market Report

• Therapeutic Assessment: Anorexia Nervosa current marketed and emerging therapies
• Anorexia Nervosa Market Dynamics: Attribute Analysis of Emerging Anorexia Nervosa Drugs
• Competitive Intelligence Analysis: SWOT analysis and Market entry strategies
• Unmet Needs, KOL’s views, Analyst’s views, Anorexia Nervosa Market Access and Reimbursement

Discover more about anorexia nervosa drugs in development @  Anorexia Nervosa Clinical Trials

Table of Contents

About DelveInsight

DelveInsight is a leading Business Consultant and Market Research firm focused exclusively on life sciences. It supports pharma companies by providing comprehensive end-to-end solutions to improve their performance. Get hassle-free access to all the healthcare and pharma market research reports through our subscription-based platform PharmDelve.

Media Contact Company Name: DelveInsight Business Research LLP Contact Person: Ankit Nigam Email: Send Email Phone: +19193216187 Address: 304 S. Jones Blvd #2432 City: Albany State: New York Country: United States Website: https://www.delveinsight.com/consulting

Press Release Distributed by ABNewswire.com To view the original version on ABNewswire visit: Anorexia Nervosa Market is expected to grow by 2032, Predicts DelveInsight | Key Companies - Amgen, COMPASS Pathways, Homeostasis, Benuvia, Artelo Biosciences, RaQualia, Receptor Life Sciences, Pfizer

© 2023 Benzinga.com. Benzinga does not provide investment advice. All rights reserved.

Popular Channels

• PreMarket Prep
• Press Releases
• Analyst Ratings

Tools & Features

• Real Time Feed
• Public RSS Feeds
• Submit News Tips
• Embeddable Finance Widgets & Tools
• Benzinga Catalyst

Partners & Contributors

• Affiliate Program
• Contributor Portal
• Licensing & Syndication
• Sponsored Content
• Advertise With Us
• Lead Generation & SEO

About Benzinga

• In The News
• Terms & Conditions
• Do Not Sell My Personal Data/Privacy Policy
• Service Status